George Sale, Rafael Alkorta, Elkosh

Ke kūʻai aku ʻo George: ʻO George Sale (1697–1736) kahi kākāʻōlelo Pelekānia Pelekane a he loio loio hoʻi, i ʻike nui ʻia no kāna unuhi 1734 o ka Quran ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. I ka 1748, ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana i ka unuhi a Sale, ua kākau ʻo Voltaire i kāna moʻolelo ponoʻī "De lʻAlcoran et de Mahomet". Ua haʻi aku ʻo Voltaire iā Sale i ka manaʻo o Mohammed he "charlatan sublime" hāʻawi ʻo Voltaire i nā mahalo kiʻekiʻe iā Sale akā ua kuhi hewa ʻo ia iā ia e lilo i iwakāluakūmālima mau makahiki ma ʻAlapia.
ʻO Rafael Alkorta: ʻO Rafael Alkorta Martínez he pâʻani pôpeku ma Sepania i hoʻokani nui ma ke ʻano he mea pale i ke kikowaena. ʻO ia ke alakaʻi haʻuki o Athletic Bilbao i kēia manawa.
ʻO Elkosh: ʻO Elkosh kahi moshav ma ka ʻākau o ʻIseraʻela. Aia ma kahi o Maʻalot-Tarshiha a me ka palena ʻo Lebanona, aia ia i lalo o ka mana o ka ʻaha kūkā ʻāpana ʻo Maʻale Yosef. I ka makahiki 2019 he 275 kona heluna.
ʻAlekohola polyvinyl: ʻO Poly (waiʻona vinyl) ( PVOH , PVA , a i ʻole PVAl ) kahi polymer synthetic soluble wai. Loaʻa iā ia ka haʻilula kūpono [CH 2 CH (OH)] n . Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka papermaking, ka lole ʻana o ka maʻawe loloa lole, ma ke ʻano he mānoanoa a me emulsion stabilizer i nā hanana lina PVAc a me nā ʻano uhi like ʻole. He colorless (keʻokeʻo) a ʻaʻohe ʻaʻala. Hoʻolako pinepine ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana a i ʻole he mau hopena i ka wai.
Ali Koti: He kauhale ʻo Ali Koti ma ka moku ʻo Mazkureh Rural, ma ka moku waena o Sari County, ka moku ʻo Mazandaran, ʻIrana. Ma ka helu kanaka o 2006, 88 kona heluna kānaka, ma 27 mau ʻohana.
Keena Hoʻomalu Kumukanawai: He keʻena ʻoihana palekana palekana ʻo Ke Kumukānāwai , i kapa ʻia ʻo Nemzetbiztonsági Hivatal . ʻO kāna kuleana nui: counterintelligence, anticorruption, palekana waiwai a me nā hana e pili ana i ka hana. Alakaʻi pū ka AH i nā hoʻokolokolo e kūʻē i ka hewa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a hana pū me nā hoʻoweliweli kūʻē i ke kaiāulu.
Alkoven: He aupuni kiwikā ʻo Alkoven i ka moku ʻo Eferding ma ka moku ʻo Austrian o Upper Austria.
Alkoven: He aupuni kiwikā ʻo Alkoven i ka moku ʻo Eferding ma ka moku ʻo Austrian o Upper Austria.
Chisu: ʻO Christel Martina Sundberg , i ʻike ʻia e kāna inoa pae Chisu , he mea pena kiʻi Finnish, mea kākau mele, a mea hana. Ua kākau ʻo ia i kāna mele mua, ʻo Mun koti ei oo täällä , i ke mele leo o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo Sooloilua . Ua kuʻi ʻia ke mele ma Finilana i ka Spring 2008, e piʻi ana ma ka helu ʻekahi ma ka Chart Singles a me ka Charts Downloads a e hoʻolilo ana i ʻehiku a me ʻeiwa mau pule ma luna. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i kāna lua o kāna mele ʻo Vapaa ja yksin ma ka lā 23 Kepakemapa 2009. ʻO kāna kolu o kāna album ʻo Kun valaistun , i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ʻOkakopa 5, 2011, ma o Warner Music Finland. ʻO kekahi mana o ka album, i kapa ʻia ʻo Kun valaistun 2.0 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma Iune 6, 2012. ʻO kāna album ʻehā, Polaris i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ʻOkakopa 2, 2015.
ʻO Inka Raqay, Ayacucho: ʻO Inka Raqay hispanicized spelling Incaraqay ) a i ʻole Allqu Willka (Allcuhuillca, Alkowillka) he wahi archaeological ma ka Ayacucho Region ma Peru. Aia ia ma ka moku ʻo Huanta, Apana ʻo Iguain, ma luna o ke kuahiwi i kapa ʻia ʻo Allqu Willka.
Alkoxide: ʻO kahi alkoxide ke kumu conjugate o kahi ʻalekohola a no laila aia kahi hui kūlohelohe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi atom oxygen i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia. Kākau ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano RO - , ma kahi o R ke pani hakahaka. He kumu ikaika nā Alkoxides a, inā ʻaʻole nui ʻo R, maikaʻi nā nucleophile maikaʻi a me nā ligana maikaʻi. ʻO Alkoxides, ʻoiai ʻaʻole paʻa paʻa i nā pale protic e like me ka wai, e hana ākea ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka synthes Williamson ether. Hoʻohana ākea nā alkoxides metala hoʻololi no ka uhi a me nā catalst.
Alkoxide: ʻO kahi alkoxide ke kumu conjugate o kahi ʻalekohola a no laila aia kahi hui kūlohelohe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi atom oxygen i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia. Kākau ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano RO - , ma kahi o R ke pani hakahaka. He kumu ikaika nā Alkoxides a, inā ʻaʻole nui ʻo R, maikaʻi nā nucleophile maikaʻi a me nā ligana maikaʻi. ʻO Alkoxides, ʻoiai ʻaʻole paʻa paʻa i nā pale protic e like me ka wai, e hana ākea ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka synthes Williamson ether. Hoʻohana ākea nā alkoxides metala hoʻololi no ka uhi a me nā catalst.
Alkoxide: ʻO kahi alkoxide ke kumu conjugate o kahi ʻalekohola a no laila aia kahi hui kūlohelohe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi atom oxygen i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia. Kākau ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano RO - , ma kahi o R ke pani hakahaka. He kumu ikaika nā Alkoxides a, inā ʻaʻole nui ʻo R, maikaʻi nā nucleophile maikaʻi a me nā ligana maikaʻi. ʻO Alkoxides, ʻoiai ʻaʻole paʻa paʻa i nā pale protic e like me ka wai, e hana ākea ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka synthes Williamson ether. Hoʻohana ākea nā alkoxides metala hoʻololi no ka uhi a me nā catalst.
Pūʻulu Alkoxy: I ke kemika, ʻo ka hui alkoxy kahi hui alkyl (carbon and hydrogen chain) i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia i ka oxygen; penei R – O. Nui ka laulā o ka hui alkoxy, ʻo ka methoxy maʻalahi (CH 3 O–). Loaʻa kahi hui ethoxy (CH 3 CH 2 O–) i loko o ka mea hoʻohuihui ethyl phenyl ether, C 6 H 5 OCH 2 CH 3 a ʻo ethoxybenzene kekahi i ʻike ʻia. Pili i nā hui alkoxy nā pūʻulu aryloxy , i loaʻa kahi hui aryl i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka oxygen e like me ka phenoxy group (C 6 H 5 O–).
Pūʻulu Alkoxy: I ke kemika, ʻo ka hui alkoxy kahi hui alkyl (carbon and hydrogen chain) i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia i ka oxygen; penei R – O. Nui ka laulā o ka hui alkoxy, ʻo ka methoxy maʻalahi (CH 3 O–). Loaʻa kahi hui ethoxy (CH 3 CH 2 O–) i loko o ka mea hoʻohuihui ethyl phenyl ether, C 6 H 5 OCH 2 CH 3 a ʻo ethoxybenzene kekahi i ʻike ʻia. Pili i nā hui alkoxy nā pūʻulu aryloxy , i loaʻa kahi hui aryl i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka oxygen e like me ka phenoxy group (C 6 H 5 O–).
ʻEtera: ʻO ka Ethers kahi papa o nā mea hoʻohui kūlohelohe i loaʻa i kahi hui ether-kahi oxygen atom e pili ana i nā hui alkyl a me nā hui ʻelua. Loaʻa iā lākou ka haʻina maʻamau R – O – R ′, ma kahi o R a me R e hōʻike i nā hui alkyl a i ʻole aryl. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia ʻo Ethers i ʻelua mauʻano: inā like nā hui alkyl ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka oxygen atom, a laila he ether maʻalahi a symmetrical paha ia, akā inā ʻokoʻa lākou, kāhea ʻia nā ether i hui pū ʻia a i ʻole unsymmetrical etera. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau o ka hui mua ka mea hoʻoheheʻe a me ka anesthetic diethyl ether, i kapa maʻalahi ʻia ʻo "ether" ( CH 3 –CH 2 –O – CH 2 –CH 3 ). Kūleʻa ka Ethers i ka kemikaola a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka biochemistry, no ka mea he mau pilina maʻamau ia i nā huehue a me nā lignin.
ʻO lipid Ether: I loko o kahi kemika kemika maʻamau, manaʻo ʻia kahi ether lipid i kahi alahaka ether ma waena o kahi hui alkyl a me kahi hui alkyl i hōʻike ʻole ʻia a me aryl hui, ʻaʻole pono ka glycerol. Inā pili ka glycerol, kapa ʻia ka mea hoʻohui he glyceryl ether , kahi e lawe ai i ke ʻano o kahi alkylglycerol , kahi alkyl acyl glycerol , a i ʻole me ka hui phosphatide, kahi phospholipid .
Hydroxylamine: ʻO ka Hydroxylamine kahi hui ʻole me ka haʻilula NH 2 OH. ʻO ka mea maʻemaʻe kahi keʻokeʻo, crystalline paʻa ʻole, hui pū hygroscopic. Eia nō naʻe, aneane mau ka hāʻawi ʻia o ka hydroxylamine a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he wai wai. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻomākaukau i nā oximes, kahi hui hana nui. He waena pū kekahi ia i ka nitrification biology. I ka nitrification biology, hoʻopili ʻia ka oxidation o NH 3 a hiki i ka hydroxylamine e ka enzyme ammonia monooxygenase (AMO). ʻO Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) hoʻohiki hou i ka hydroxylamine i ka nitrite.
Pūʻulu Alkoxy: I ke kemika, ʻo ka hui alkoxy kahi hui alkyl (carbon and hydrogen chain) i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia i ka oxygen; penei R – O. Nui ka laulā o ka hui alkoxy, ʻo ka methoxy maʻalahi (CH 3 O–). Loaʻa kahi hui ethoxy (CH 3 CH 2 O–) i loko o ka mea hoʻohuihui ethyl phenyl ether, C 6 H 5 OCH 2 CH 3 a ʻo ethoxybenzene kekahi i ʻike ʻia. Pili i nā hui alkoxy nā pūʻulu aryloxy , i loaʻa kahi hui aryl i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka oxygen e like me ka phenoxy group (C 6 H 5 O–).
Alkoxylation: ʻO Alkoxylation kahi hopena kemika e pili ana i ka hoʻohui o kahi epoxide i kahi hui ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hōʻike maʻamau o kēia hopena he ethoxylation o nā ʻalekohola (ROH), a ma ia hihia ʻo ethylene oxide ka agkoxylating agents: ROH + C 2 H 4 O → ROCH 2 CH 2 OH
ʻO Alköy, Posof: He kauhale ʻo Alköy ma ka moku o Posof, ka Panalāʻau ʻo Ardahan, Turkey.
Alkozai: Alkozai mea he kauhale ma Panjwayi District, Kandahar'āina a pau, Afghanistan.
Pepehi kanaka Kandahar: ʻO ka luku nui Kandahar , ʻoi aku ka pololei i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he luku ʻo Panjwai , i hana ʻia i nā hola mua o 11 Malaki 2012, i ka wā i luku ʻia ai ʻo Sergeant ka pūʻali koa United States ʻo Robert Bales he ʻumikūmāono mau kānaka kīwī a hōʻeha ʻeono mau mea ʻē aʻe i ka Panjwayi District o Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. ʻEiwa o kāna mau keiki i hōʻino ʻia he mau keiki, a he ʻumikūmākahi o ka poʻe i make mai ka ʻohana like. Ua puhi ʻia kekahi o nā kupapaʻu. Ua mālama ʻia ʻo Bales i ka hale kiaʻi ma hope ma ke kakahiaka i kona haʻi ʻana i nā luna, "Naʻu ia i hana". Ma ka 23 ʻAukake 2013, ua hoʻokolokolo ke kiure ma Joint Base Lewis-McChord ma Fort Lewis, Wakinekona iā ia e ola i ka hale paʻahao me ka ʻole o ka parole.
Alkaline phosphatase: ʻO ka alkali phosphatase , a i ʻole ke kumu phosphatase , kahi ʻōmomo protein protein homodimeric o 86 kilodaltons. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia monomer he ʻelima mau koina cysteine, ʻelua mau ʻoma sine a me hoʻokahi atoma magnesium i mea nui i kāna hana catalytic, a he hana maikaʻi ia ma nā ʻano pH alkaline.
Alkrington: ʻO Alkrington Garden Village kahi wahi kaiāulu o Middleton, ma ka Metropolitan Borough o Rochdale, Greater Manchester ʻEnelani.
Alkrington: ʻO Alkrington Garden Village kahi wahi kaiāulu o Middleton, ma ka Metropolitan Borough o Rochdale, Greater Manchester ʻEnelani.
Alkrington: ʻO Alkrington Garden Village kahi wahi kaiāulu o Middleton, ma ka Metropolitan Borough o Rochdale, Greater Manchester ʻEnelani.
Alksnaitis: He loko ʻo Alksnaitis ma ka moku ʻo Ignalina, Lituania hikina. Aia ia ma ka Aukštaitija National Park, ma kahi o 3.5 kilomita (2.2 mi) komohana komohana o Linkmenys kauhale. Pili ka loko me nā loko ʻo Alksnas, Ūkojas a me Linkmenas.
John Alksne: ʻO John F. Alksne kahi Polofesa Emeritus o Neurosurgery a me ka Dean mua o ke Kula Lapaʻau ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, San Diego.
John Alksne: ʻO John F. Alksne kahi Polofesa Emeritus o Neurosurgery a me ka Dean mua o ke Kula Lapaʻau ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, San Diego.
Alksnis: ʻO Alksnis kahi ʻohana Latvian, i lawe ʻia mai ka ʻōlelo Latvian no "alder". ʻO nā kānaka me ka ʻohana inoa pū kekahi: Gunnar Alksnis (1931–2011), ka mea akeakamai o Lūkia-ʻAmelika a me ka mea loiloi ʻO Viktor Alksnis, he kālaiʻāina Lūkia a he kolone koa Soviet Air Force mua no ka moʻokūʻauhau Latvian ʻO Yakov Alksnis (1897–1938), ka luna o ka Pūʻali Koa Pūʻali Koa mai 1931 a 1937 Ādams Alksnis (1864-1897), mea pena kiʻi Lūkia
Alksnupiai: He kahakai ʻo Alksnupiai ma ke kalana ʻo Kėdainiai, ma Kaunas County, ma Lituania waena. Wahi a ka helu kanaka o ka makahiki 2011, ua noho ʻole ʻia ka ʻāina. Aia ia ma 1 km mai Miegėnai, ma ka muliwai Viešnautas.
Alksnėnai: E kuhikuhi paha ʻo Alksnėnai i kekahi mau kauhale Lituania : ʻO Alksnėnai, Gudžiūnai, ma Gudžiūnai ʻEldership o ka moku ʻĀpana ʻo Kdainiai Alksnėnai, Vilainiai, ma Vilainiai Eldership o ka moku ʻĀpana ʻo K Mundainiai Alksnėnai, Plungė, ma ka ʻelemakule Šateikiai o ka moku ʻĀpana ʻo Plungė Alksnėnai, Vilkaviškis, ma ka moku ʻĀpana ʻo Vilkaviškis; ʻike i ka papa inoa o nā pūnaewele huakaʻi Katolika ma Lituania
Alksnėnai, Gudžiūnai: He kauhale ʻo Alksnėnai ma ka moku moku ʻo Kėdainiai, ma ka moku ʻo Kaunas, ma waena o Lituania. Wahi a ka helu kanaka o ka makahiki 2011, he 113 ka nui o nā kauhale. Aia ia ma ka muliwai Kruostas. Aia he kula ma mua.
Alksnėnai, Vilainiai: He kauhale ʻo Alksnėnai ma ka moku moku ʻo Kėdainiai, ma ka moku ʻo Kaunas, ma waena o Lituania. Wahi a ka helu kanaka 2011, he 5 mau kānaka o ke kauhale. Aia ia ma 3 mile (1.9 mi) mai Lančiūnava, kokoke i ka Wao Lančiūnava-Šventybrastis.
Alksnėnai: E kuhikuhi paha ʻo Alksnėnai i kekahi mau kauhale Lituania : ʻO Alksnėnai, Gudžiūnai, ma Gudžiūnai ʻEldership o ka moku ʻĀpana ʻo Kdainiai Alksnėnai, Vilainiai, ma Vilainiai Eldership o ka moku ʻĀpana ʻo K Mundainiai Alksnėnai, Plungė, ma ka ʻelemakule Šateikiai o ka moku ʻĀpana ʻo Plungė Alksnėnai, Vilkaviškis, ma ka moku ʻĀpana ʻo Vilkaviškis; ʻike i ka papa inoa o nā pūnaewele huakaʻi Katolika ma Lituania
Ulmus 'Alksuth': ʻO ka elm cultivar ʻo Ulmus ' Alksuth' i ʻōlelo mua ʻia e Dieck, ma Haupt-catalog der Obst- und gehölzbaumschulen des ritterguts Zöschen bei Merseburg , p. 81, 1885 as Ulmus scabra forma von Alksuth Hort. .
Alku: E kuhi paha ʻo Alku : 3037 Alku, kahi asteroid Alku, ʻIrana, kahi kauhale ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen, kahi hale kūkulu
Aligav: He kauhale ʻo Aligav ma ka moku ʻo Abbas-e Gharbi Rural, ʻĀpana ʻo Tekmeh Dash, ka moku ʻo kertanabad, ka moku hikina o Azerbaijan, ʻIrana. Ma ka helu kanaka o 2006, he 115 kona nui kānaka, a he 26 mau ʻohana.
ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen: ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen nā hale hale i kūkulu ʻia i 1916 e ke kaiāulu o ka poʻe malihini ʻAmelika Finnish ma ka moku Sunset Park o Brooklyn, New York City. Aia ma ke alanui 816-826 43rd, ʻo lākou nā hui kōkua nonprofit mua ma New York City.
ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen: ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen nā hale hale i kūkulu ʻia i 1916 e ke kaiāulu o ka poʻe malihini ʻAmelika Finnish ma ka moku Sunset Park o Brooklyn, New York City. Aia ma ke alanui 816-826 43rd, ʻo lākou nā hui kōkua nonprofit mua ma New York City.
Alku: E kuhi paha ʻo Alku : 3037 Alku, kahi asteroid Alku, ʻIrana, kahi kauhale ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen, kahi hale kūkulu
Alex Kahsay: He mea hīmeni Eritrean ʻo Alex Kahsay . Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i ʻelua mau mele solo, ʻo Abaditey lāua ʻo Ziyaday , ma ka ʻōlelo Tigrinya.
ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen: ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen nā hale hale i kūkulu ʻia i 1916 e ke kaiāulu o ka poʻe malihini ʻAmelika Finnish ma ka moku Sunset Park o Brooklyn, New York City. Aia ma ke alanui 816-826 43rd, ʻo lākou nā hui kōkua nonprofit mua ma New York City.
ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen: ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen nā hale hale i kūkulu ʻia i 1916 e ke kaiāulu o ka poʻe malihini ʻAmelika Finnish ma ka moku Sunset Park o Brooklyn, New York City. Aia ma ke alanui 816-826 43rd, ʻo lākou nā hui kōkua nonprofit mua ma New York City.
ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen: ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen nā hale hale i kūkulu ʻia i 1916 e ke kaiāulu o ka poʻe malihini ʻAmelika Finnish ma ka moku Sunset Park o Brooklyn, New York City. Aia ma ke alanui 816-826 43rd, ʻo lākou nā hui kōkua nonprofit mua ma New York City.
ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen: ʻO Alku lāua ʻo Alku Toinen nā hale hale i kūkulu ʻia i 1916 e ke kaiāulu o ka poʻe malihini ʻAmelika Finnish ma ka moku Sunset Park o Brooklyn, New York City. Aia ma ke alanui 816-826 43rd, ʻo lākou nā hui kōkua nonprofit mua ma New York City.
Air Kufra: ʻO Air Kufra kahi mokulele mokulele ʻo Libyian. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia mai ke kahua mokulele ʻo Kufra. He hoʻokahi wale nō mokulele kalepa, i hoʻolimalima ʻia mai Buraq Air, a me kahi mokulele ukana, he Ilyushin Il-76TD. ʻElua kumu o ka mokulele: aia ma Tripoli, Libya, ke kumu nui, a aia kekahi ma Kufra Airport, Al Jawf. Ua holo ʻia ka mokulele e Giuma Nasir (CEO) a me Abdurrazag Zaatut (COO).
Alikuh: He kauhale ʻo Alikuh ma Poshtkuh Rural District, ma ka Central District o Ardal County, Chaharmahal a me Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Ma ka helu kanaka o 2006, kona heluna kanaka he 2,382, ma 473 ʻohana. Noho ʻia ke kauhale e Lurs.
Alcuin: ʻO Alcuin o Ioka - i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo Ealhwine , Alhwin , a ʻo Alchoin paha - he haumana Pelekane, kahuna pule, haku mele, a me kumu mai Ioka, Northumbria. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia ma kahi o 735 a lilo i haumāna na Archb Bishop Ecgbert ma Ioka. Ma ke kono a Charlemagne, ua lilo ʻo ia i haumāna ʻepekema poʻokela a me kumu ma ke aloaliʻi Carolingian, kahi i noho mau ai ʻo ia ma nā makahiki 780 a me 790s. "Ke kanaka aʻo loa ma nā wahi āpau e loaʻa ai", e like me ka Einhard's Life of Charlemagne , ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia i waena o nā mea ʻike nui a koʻikoʻi o ka Carolingian Renaissance. Ma waena o kāna mau haumāna he nui nā poʻe ʻike naʻau i ka wā Carolingian.
Punawai Alkumru: ʻO ka wai wai ʻo Alkumru kahi poho wai piha i ka muliwai ʻo Botan, aia ma 14 km (9 mi) hikina o Siirt ma Siirt Province, Turkey. Kūkulu ʻia ka poho ma waena o 2008 a me 2011. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia e Pelekikena Abdullah Gül a me ke Kuhina Nui Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ma ka lā 19 Mei 2011. ʻO kāna kumu nui ka hana mana hydroelectric a kākoʻo ia i kahi kikowaena mana 265.5 MW. Ua kauoha ʻia nā mea hana ʻelua i Malaki 2011 me ke kolu a me ka hope ma ʻApelila 2011.
Alkupis: Hiki iā Alkupis ke kuhikuhi i kekahi mau toponyms Lituania: Alkupis (kauhale), kauhale ma ka moku ʻĀpana ʻo ilalė
Nevėžis: ʻO ka Nevėžis ke ono o ka muliwai lōʻihi loa ma Lituania a ʻo kekahi o nā mea hoʻokupu nui o nā Nemuna. ʻO 209 km (130 mi) kona lōʻihi, a e kahe wale ana ia ma loko o nā palena ʻāina o Lituania. ʻO ia ka lua o ka muliwai lōʻihi loa ma Lituania, ma hope o ka Šventoji, kahe wale i loko o kona mau palena. Aia kona kumuwaiwai ma ka moku ʻo Anykščiai Apana, a kahe ka muliwai ma ke komohana ʻākau, akā ma Panevėžys huli i ke komohana hema, a hala ʻo Kėdainiai, kahe i ka Neman ma ke komohana o Kaunas kokoke i Raudondvaris.
Alkupis (Nevėžis hoʻokupu): He kahawai ʻo Alkupis o ka moku moku ʻo K mundainiai , Kaunas County, Lituania waena. E kahe ana no 12.3 mau kilomika a he kahawai he 41.8 km². Hoʻomaka ia ma ka Wao na Lančiūnava-Šventybrastis hikina a i Šventybrastis. Kahe aku ka muliwai ma ka hema ma nā ululāʻau a me nā ʻāina mahiʻai. Hoʻokomo ia i loko o ka Nevėžis mai ka ʻaoʻao hema ma ke kauhale ʻo Apytalaukis.
Alkupis (Nevėžis hoʻokupu): He kahawai ʻo Alkupis o ka moku moku ʻo K mundainiai , Kaunas County, Lituania waena. E kahe ana no 12.3 mau kilomika a he kahawai he 41.8 km². Hoʻomaka ia ma ka Wao na Lančiūnava-Šventybrastis hikina a i Šventybrastis. Kahe aku ka muliwai ma ka hema ma nā ululāʻau a me nā ʻāina mahiʻai. Hoʻokomo ia i loko o ka Nevėžis mai ka ʻaoʻao hema ma ke kauhale ʻo Apytalaukis.
Kī Al-Khurafi: He pâʻani pôpeku Kuwaiti ke kime Al Kurafi . Ua holo ka hoʻokūkū mai 1999 a 2007.
Xi Cephei: ʻO Xi Cephei kahi ʻōnaehana hōkū he nui i ka hōkū o Cepheus. Ma kahi o 86 mau makahiki māmā mai ka Honua.
Xi Cephei: ʻO Xi Cephei kahi ʻōnaehana hōkū he nui i ka hōkū o Cepheus. Ma kahi o 86 mau makahiki māmā mai ka Honua.
CMX discography: Hoʻomaka ka discography o CMX ma 1985 a hoʻomau a hiki i kēia lā. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokuʻu ka pāʻina he ʻumikūmālima mau studio studio, ʻelua pahu hoʻonohonoho compilations, 20 kiʻekiʻe ʻelima mau mele ma ka pakuhi Finnish, ʻehā EP, a me kahi DVD.
Alkuti: He kauhale ʻo Alkuti kokoke i ka palena komohana ma Parner taluka o ka moku ʻo Ahmednagar i ka mokuʻāina ʻo Maharashtra. Kaulana no kāna holoholona lōhiu, ʻo ka nui ʻo sambar a me nā dia. E ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana ākea ākea ma aneʻi mai Iulai a Kekemapa. He wahi huakaʻi ia, a ʻo nā dia a me nā sambara, e holoholo wale ana, hiki ke ʻike ʻia a kokoke.
Alkwertatherium: ʻO Alkwertatherium kahi genus hoʻopau o marsupial o ka ʻohana Diprotodontidae. Hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano i wehewehe ʻia, ʻo Alkwertatherium webbi , mai ka Mate Late o ka Teritori ʻAkau , ʻAukekulelia .
Alkyd: ʻO kahi alkyd kahi resin polyester i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻohui o nā momona momona a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa nā Alkyds mai nā polyols a me nā acid acid e like me dicarboxylic acid a i ʻole carboxylic acid anhydride a me nā aila triglyceride. Ke kau alkyd mea he hooponopono hou ana o ka palapala inoa "alcid", hōʻikeʻana i ka mea i i loko ka mea, mai ka alc ohol a me ke aloha AC ka memo a mau. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o kahi waikawa momona e hōʻoia i ka hana ʻana i nā pale palupalu. Hoʻohana ʻia nā Alkyds i nā pena, nā varnish a me nā moʻo no ka hoʻolei ʻana. ʻO lākou ka resin a mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa paha i ka hapanui o nā pale aila i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka aila. Ma kahi o 200,000 mau tona o nā resky alkyd e hua ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā alkyds kumu i hui ʻia o glycerol a me phthalic acid i kūʻai ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa Glyptal. Ua kūʻai ʻia aku kēia mau mea i pani hakahaka no nā kēpau copal waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele, a no laila e hana ana i nā varnish alkyd i ʻoi aku ka pale o ke kala. Mai kēia mau mea, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā alkyd i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā.
Alkyd: ʻO kahi alkyd kahi resin polyester i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻohui o nā momona momona a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa nā Alkyds mai nā polyols a me nā acid acid e like me dicarboxylic acid a i ʻole carboxylic acid anhydride a me nā aila triglyceride. Ke kau alkyd mea he hooponopono hou ana o ka palapala inoa "alcid", hōʻikeʻana i ka mea i i loko ka mea, mai ka alc ohol a me ke aloha AC ka memo a mau. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o kahi waikawa momona e hōʻoia i ka hana ʻana i nā pale palupalu. Hoʻohana ʻia nā Alkyds i nā pena, nā varnish a me nā moʻo no ka hoʻolei ʻana. ʻO lākou ka resin a mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa paha i ka hapanui o nā pale aila i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka aila. Ma kahi o 200,000 mau tona o nā resky alkyd e hua ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā alkyds kumu i hui ʻia o glycerol a me phthalic acid i kūʻai ʻia ma lalo o ka inoa Glyptal. Ua kūʻai ʻia aku kēia mau mea i pani hakahaka no nā kēpau copal waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele, a no laila e hana ana i nā varnish alkyd i ʻoi aku ka pale o ke kala. Mai kēia mau mea, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā alkyd i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā.
Alkyl: I ke kemika kemika, he alkkan substituent kahi alkane i nalowale hoʻokahi hydrogen. Kuhi ʻole ʻia ka huaʻōlelo alkyl e hoʻohui i nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia. Loaʻa kahi alkyl acyclic i ke ʻano maʻamau o C n H 2 n +1 . Loaʻa kahi cycloalkyl mai kahi cycloalkane e ka hemo ʻana o kahi hydrogen atom mai ke apo a loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano maʻamau C n H 2 n -1 . I ke ʻano hana, hoʻohana ʻia ka hōʻailona R e koho i kahi hui alkyl generic (ʻaʻole i koho ʻia). ʻO ka hui alkyl liʻiliʻi ka methyl, me ke ʻano CH 3 -.
Nā hui Benzhydryl: ʻO nā hui benzhydryl kahi hui o nā mea hoʻohui kūlohelohe nona nā hale makua me diphenylmethane, me nā helu o nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia, me nā alahaka. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia pūʻulu i nā hui a kahi benzene i hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi apo ʻē aʻe a i ʻole he heteroatom paha, a ma kahi e hoʻopili ai ka methane i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau benzen.
Nā hui Benzhydryl: ʻO nā hui benzhydryl kahi hui o nā mea hoʻohui kūlohelohe nona nā hale makua me diphenylmethane, me nā helu o nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia, me nā alahaka. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia pūʻulu i nā hui a kahi benzene i hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi apo ʻē aʻe a i ʻole he heteroatom paha, a ma kahi e hoʻopili ai ka methane i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau benzen.
Alkylhalidase: I ka enzymology, he alkylhalidase (EC 3.8.1.1 ) kahi enzyme e catalyzed i ka hopena kemika bromochloromethane + H 2 ʻO formaldehyde + bromide + chloride
Hoʻohui Organolead: ʻO nā hui Organolead kahi hui kemika i loko o kahi paʻa kemika ma waena o carbon a me kēpau. ʻO ka chemistry ʻo Organolead ka ʻepekema e pili ana. ʻO ka hui organolead mua hexaethyldilead (Pb 2 (C 2 H 5 ) 6 ), synthesize mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1858. Kaʻana like ʻana i ka hui like me ke kalapona, he tetravalent kēpau.
Alkyl-lysophospholipids: ʻO Alky-lysophospholipids (ALP) nā mea hoʻohālikelike synthetic o lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), i kapa ʻia hoʻi nā lysolecithins. Hoʻolālā ʻia lākou e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hui acyl ma loko o ka LPC me kahi hui alkyl. Kūlike lākou i ka LPC metabolically paʻa loa. Loaʻa iā lākou ka anti-neoplastic ("anti-cancer") a me nā hopena modulate immune. ʻO kā lākou hopena anti-tumor ma muli o ka modulate o nā ala hōʻailona intracellular, e hoʻoulu ana i ka apoptosis. Koho nui ia, e mālama ana i nā keola olakino. ʻO kekahi e like me edelfosine, miltefosine a me perifosine ma lalo o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana e like me nā lāʻau e kūʻē i ka maʻi ʻaʻai a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.
ʻO Benzalkonium chloride: ʻO Benzalkonium chloride , i ʻike ʻia ʻo alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride ( ADBAC ) a ma ka inoa ʻo Zephiran , kahi ʻano surfactant cationic. He paʻakai paʻakai ia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma ke ʻano he amiiona amonium quaternary. ʻEkolu mau ʻano nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana ʻo ADBAC: ma ke ʻano he biocide, he surfactant cationic, a me kahi mea hoʻoili hoʻololi pae. ʻO nā ADBAC kahi hui ʻana o alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides, kahi i loaʻa ai i ka hui alkyl nā lōʻihi kaulahao alkyl helu like.
ʻO Benzalkonium chloride: ʻO Benzalkonium chloride , i ʻike ʻia ʻo alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride ( ADBAC ) a ma ka inoa ʻo Zephiran , kahi ʻano surfactant cationic. He paʻakai paʻakai ia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma ke ʻano he amiiona amonium quaternary. ʻEkolu mau ʻano nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana ʻo ADBAC: ma ke ʻano he biocide, he surfactant cationic, a me kahi mea hoʻoili hoʻololi pae. ʻO nā ADBAC kahi hui ʻana o alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides, kahi i loaʻa ai i ka hui alkyl nā lōʻihi kaulahao alkyl helu like.
ʻO Organochloride: An organochloride, organochlorine hui, chlorocarbon, a chlorinated hydrocarbon mea he aloha hui i loaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hoʻokahi covalently palapala hoopaa'Ātoma o ka chlorine e loaʻa he kanawai ma ka Nine Inch hana o ka lātoma. Hāʻawi ka papa chloroalkane i mau laʻana maʻamau. ʻO ka laulā o nā hanana like ʻole a me nā waiwai kemika divergent o organochlorides e alakaʻi i kahi ākea o nā inoa a me nā noi. He waiwai nui nā Organochlorides i loko o nā noi he nui, akā ʻo kekahi e hopohopo nui i ka nohona.
Haloalkane: ʻO ka haloalkanes kahi hui pūhui kemika i loaʻa mai nā ʻākena i loaʻa hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha nā halogens. He subset lākou o ka papa laulā o nā halocarbons, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hana pinepine ʻia ka ʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Haloalkanes a, no laila, ʻike ʻia ma lalo o nā inoa kemika a me nā inoa kalepa. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā pale ahi, nā mea kinai ahi, nā pahu hau, nā propellants, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ākea i ke kālepa, ua hōʻike ʻia nā halocarbons he mau mea haumia a me nā toxins koʻikoʻi. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā chlorofluorocarbons e alakaʻi i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka ozone. ʻO Methyl bromide kahi mea hakakā kontroversial. ʻO nā haloalkanes wale nō i loko o ka chlorine, bromine, a me iodine kahi mea hoʻoweliweli i ka ozone layer, akā ʻo nā haloalkanos florinated florinated i ke kumumanaʻo e loaʻa ka hana e like me nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua. ʻO Methyl iodide, kahi mea kūlohelohe, akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe ona waiwai ozone-depleting a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo United States Environmental Protection Agency i ka hui i kahi pau ʻole ozone layer depleter. No ka ʻike hou aku, e ʻike iā Halomethane. ʻO Haloalkane a i ʻole alkyl halides nā mea hoʻohui i loaʻa ka mana laulā ʻo "RX" kahi ʻo R he alkyl a i ʻole hui alkyl i pani ʻia a ʻo X he halogen.
Haloalkane: ʻO ka haloalkanes kahi hui pūhui kemika i loaʻa mai nā ʻākena i loaʻa hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha nā halogens. He subset lākou o ka papa laulā o nā halocarbons, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hana pinepine ʻia ka ʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Haloalkanes a, no laila, ʻike ʻia ma lalo o nā inoa kemika a me nā inoa kalepa. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā pale ahi, nā mea kinai ahi, nā pahu hau, nā propellants, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ākea i ke kālepa, ua hōʻike ʻia nā halocarbons he mau mea haumia a me nā toxins koʻikoʻi. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā chlorofluorocarbons e alakaʻi i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka ozone. ʻO Methyl bromide kahi mea hakakā kontroversial. ʻO nā haloalkanes wale nō i loko o ka chlorine, bromine, a me iodine kahi mea hoʻoweliweli i ka ozone layer, akā ʻo nā haloalkanos florinated florinated i ke kumumanaʻo e loaʻa ka hana e like me nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua. ʻO Methyl iodide, kahi mea kūlohelohe, akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe ona waiwai ozone-depleting a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo United States Environmental Protection Agency i ka hui i kahi pau ʻole ozone layer depleter. No ka ʻike hou aku, e ʻike iā Halomethane. ʻO Haloalkane a i ʻole alkyl halides nā mea hoʻohui i loaʻa ka mana laulā ʻo "RX" kahi ʻo R he alkyl a i ʻole hui alkyl i pani ʻia a ʻo X he halogen.
Pāpale acrylic: ʻO ka pākeke acrylic , i ʻike ʻia e ka inoa kemika alkyl acrylate copolymer ( ACM ) a i ʻole ka tradename HyTemp , kahi ʻano o ke kāpili i kūʻē kūʻē i ka aila wela a me ka hoʻowali ʻana. Pili ia i nā rubbers kūikawā. Loaʻa iā ia kahi mahana hana mau o 150 ° C (302 ° F) a me kahi palena manawa o 180 ° C (356 ° F). Polar ka ACM a ʻaʻohe ona unsaturation. Kūpaʻa ia i ka ozone a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka permeability i nā kinoea. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia i nā mahana ma lalo o -10 ° C (14 ° F).
Nā hui Benzhydryl: ʻO nā hui benzhydryl kahi hui o nā mea hoʻohui kūlohelohe nona nā hale makua me diphenylmethane, me nā helu o nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia, me nā alahaka. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia pūʻulu i nā hui a kahi benzene i hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi apo ʻē aʻe a i ʻole he heteroatom paha, a ma kahi e hoʻopili ai ka methane i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau benzen.
Hoʻololi: ʻO kahi transferase kekahi o nā papa o nā enzyme e hoʻokumu i ka hoʻoili o nā hui hana kikoʻī mai kekahi mole i kekahi. Pili lākou i loko o nā haneli he nui o nā ala biochemical ma loko o ka biology, a pili i kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi o ke ola.
Azide: ʻO Azide ka anion me ke ʻano N - 3 . ʻO ia ke kumu conjugate o ka Hydrazoic acid (HN 3 ). N - 3 mea he laina anion i mea isoelectronic me CO 2, NCO -, N 2 O, NO + 2 a me NCF. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo paʻa valence, azide hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e kekahi mau hanana resonance; he mea nui . ʻO Azide kahi hui hana i ka kemikaola, RN 3 .
ʻO Alkylbenzene sulfonates: ʻO Alkylbenzene sulfonates kahi papa o nā anionic surfactants, i loko o kahi hui poʻo sulphopic sulfonate a me kahi hui huelo hydrophobic alkylbenzene. Me ka sodium laureth sulfate ʻo lākou kekahi o ka mea kahiko a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā detergents synthetic a loaʻa paha i nā huahana mālama pilikino a me nā huahana mālama home. Ua hoʻolauna mua ʻia lākou i nā makahiki 1930 ma ke ʻano o nā lālā alkylbenzene sulfonates (BAS). . Eia nō naʻe ma hope o ka hopohopo e pili ana i ke kaiapuni ua pani ʻia kēia mau mea me nā laina alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) i nā makahiki 1960. Mai ia manawa ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hana mai kahi o 1 miliona mau tona i 1980, a i kahi o 3.5 miliona mau tona i ka 2016, e hana ana iā lākou i ka surfionant anionic ma hope o nā kopa.
ʻO Alkylbenzene sulfonates: ʻO Alkylbenzene sulfonates kahi papa o nā anionic surfactants, i loko o kahi hui poʻo sulphopic sulfonate a me kahi hui huelo hydrophobic alkylbenzene. Me ka sodium laureth sulfate ʻo lākou kekahi o ka mea kahiko a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā detergents synthetic a loaʻa paha i nā huahana mālama pilikino a me nā huahana mālama home. Ua hoʻolauna mua ʻia lākou i nā makahiki 1930 ma ke ʻano o nā lālā alkylbenzene sulfonates (BAS). . Eia nō naʻe ma hope o ka hopohopo e pili ana i ke kaiapuni ua pani ʻia kēia mau mea me nā laina alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) i nā makahiki 1960. Mai ia manawa ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hana mai kahi o 1 miliona mau tona i 1980, a i kahi o 3.5 miliona mau tona i ka 2016, e hana ana iā lākou i ka surfionant anionic ma hope o nā kopa.
ʻO ke kelekema Organoboron: ʻO nā hui Organoborane a i ʻole organoboron nā mea hoʻohui kemika o boron a me carbon i loaʻa i nā kūlohelohe o BH 3 , no ka laʻana trialkyl boranes. ʻO ke kelekema ʻo Organoboron a i ʻole ke kemika organoborane ka kemika o kēia mau hui.
ʻO ka hui Organobromine: ʻO nā hui Organobromine , i kapa ʻia he organobromides , he mau meaola kūpona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kalapona i hoʻopili ʻia i ka bromine. ʻO ka mea hoʻolaha nui ka bromomethane hana maoli ʻia.
Ester: He ester kahi hui kemika i lawe ʻia mai kahi waikawa ma kahi o hoʻokahi –OH hydroxyl hui i pani ʻia e kahi hui –O– alkyl (alkoxy), e like me ka hopena hoʻololi o kahi ʻakika carboxylic a me kahi ʻalekohola. ʻO nā glycerides nā esters waikawa momona o glycerol; nui lākou i ka biology, ʻo ia kekahi o nā papa nui o lipids a me ka hapa nui o nā momona holoholona a me nā aila mea kanu.
Alkyl: I ke kemika kemika, he alkkan substituent kahi alkane i nalowale hoʻokahi hydrogen. Kuhi ʻole ʻia ka huaʻōlelo alkyl e hoʻohui i nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia. Loaʻa kahi alkyl acyclic i ke ʻano maʻamau o C n H 2 n +1 . Loaʻa kahi cycloalkyl mai kahi cycloalkane e ka hemo ʻana o kahi hydrogen atom mai ke apo a loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano maʻamau C n H 2 n -1 . I ke ʻano hana, hoʻohana ʻia ka hōʻailona R e koho i kahi hui alkyl generic (ʻaʻole i koho ʻia). ʻO ka hui alkyl liʻiliʻi ka methyl, me ke ʻano CH 3 -.
ʻO Organochloride: An organochloride, organochlorine hui, chlorocarbon, a chlorinated hydrocarbon mea he aloha hui i loaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hoʻokahi covalently palapala hoopaa'Ātoma o ka chlorine e loaʻa he kanawai ma ka Nine Inch hana o ka lātoma. Hāʻawi ka papa chloroalkane i mau laʻana maʻamau. ʻO ka laulā o nā hanana like ʻole a me nā waiwai kemika divergent o organochlorides e alakaʻi i kahi ākea o nā inoa a me nā noi. He waiwai nui nā Organochlorides i loko o nā noi he nui, akā ʻo kekahi e hopohopo nui i ka nohona.
Alkyl cycloalkane: ʻO Alkyl cycloalkanes nā mea hoʻohui kemika me kahi hui alkyl me kahi apo o nā kalapona i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā hydrogens e like me ka mana. C n H 2n .
ʻO kemika Organofluorine: Wehewehe ke kemika o Organofluorine i ke kemika o nā organofluorines, nā mea hoʻohui ʻokanika i loaʻa ka paʻa kalapona-fluorine. ʻIke nā hui o Organofluorine i nā noi like ʻole mai ka aila a me ka wai e hoʻohuli ai i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā pahu hau, a me nā reagents i ka catalysis. Hoʻohui ʻia i kēia mau noi, he haumia nā lālā organofluorine ma muli o kā lākou hāʻawi i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ozone, hoʻomehana honua, bioaccumulation, a me nā mea ʻona. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ke kemika organofluorine e koi pinepine i nā ʻenehana kūikawā e pili ana me ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mea fluorinating.
ʻO lipid Ether: I loko o kahi kemika kemika maʻamau, manaʻo ʻia kahi ether lipid i kahi alahaka ether ma waena o kahi hui alkyl a me kahi hui alkyl i hōʻike ʻole ʻia a me aryl hui, ʻaʻole pono ka glycerol. Inā pili ka glycerol, kapa ʻia ka mea hoʻohui he glyceryl ether , kahi e lawe ai i ke ʻano o kahi alkylglycerol , kahi alkyl acyl glycerol , a i ʻole me ka hui phosphatide, kahi phospholipid .
Alkyl: I ke kemika kemika, he alkkan substituent kahi alkane i nalowale hoʻokahi hydrogen. Kuhi ʻole ʻia ka huaʻōlelo alkyl e hoʻohui i nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia. Loaʻa kahi alkyl acyclic i ke ʻano maʻamau o C n H 2 n +1 . Loaʻa kahi cycloalkyl mai kahi cycloalkane e ka hemo ʻana o kahi hydrogen atom mai ke apo a loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano maʻamau C n H 2 n -1 . I ke ʻano hana, hoʻohana ʻia ka hōʻailona R e koho i kahi hui alkyl generic (ʻaʻole i koho ʻia). ʻO ka hui alkyl liʻiliʻi ka methyl, me ke ʻano CH 3 -.
Alkyl: I ke kemika kemika, he alkkan substituent kahi alkane i nalowale hoʻokahi hydrogen. Kuhi ʻole ʻia ka huaʻōlelo alkyl e hoʻohui i nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia. Loaʻa kahi alkyl acyclic i ke ʻano maʻamau o C n H 2 n +1 . Loaʻa kahi cycloalkyl mai kahi cycloalkane e ka hemo ʻana o kahi hydrogen atom mai ke apo a loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano maʻamau C n H 2 n -1 . I ke ʻano hana, hoʻohana ʻia ka hōʻailona R e koho i kahi hui alkyl generic (ʻaʻole i koho ʻia). ʻO ka hui alkyl liʻiliʻi ka methyl, me ke ʻano CH 3 -.
Haloalkane: ʻO ka haloalkanes kahi hui pūhui kemika i loaʻa mai nā ʻākena i loaʻa hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha nā halogens. He subset lākou o ka papa laulā o nā halocarbons, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hana pinepine ʻia ka ʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Haloalkanes a, no laila, ʻike ʻia ma lalo o nā inoa kemika a me nā inoa kalepa. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā pale ahi, nā mea kinai ahi, nā pahu hau, nā propellants, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ākea i ke kālepa, ua hōʻike ʻia nā halocarbons he mau mea haumia a me nā toxins koʻikoʻi. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā chlorofluorocarbons e alakaʻi i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka ozone. ʻO Methyl bromide kahi mea hakakā kontroversial. ʻO nā haloalkanes wale nō i loko o ka chlorine, bromine, a me iodine kahi mea hoʻoweliweli i ka ozone layer, akā ʻo nā haloalkanos florinated florinated i ke kumumanaʻo e loaʻa ka hana e like me nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua. ʻO Methyl iodide, kahi mea kūlohelohe, akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe ona waiwai ozone-depleting a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo United States Environmental Protection Agency i ka hui i kahi pau ʻole ozone layer depleter. No ka ʻike hou aku, e ʻike iā Halomethane. ʻO Haloalkane a i ʻole alkyl halides nā mea hoʻohui i loaʻa ka mana laulā ʻo "RX" kahi ʻo R he alkyl a i ʻole hui alkyl i pani ʻia a ʻo X he halogen.
Haloalkane: ʻO ka haloalkanes kahi hui pūhui kemika i loaʻa mai nā ʻākena i loaʻa hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha nā halogens. He subset lākou o ka papa laulā o nā halocarbons, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hana pinepine ʻia ka ʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Haloalkanes a, no laila, ʻike ʻia ma lalo o nā inoa kemika a me nā inoa kalepa. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā pale ahi, nā mea kinai ahi, nā pahu hau, nā propellants, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ākea i ke kālepa, ua hōʻike ʻia nā halocarbons he mau mea haumia a me nā toxins koʻikoʻi. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā chlorofluorocarbons e alakaʻi i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka ozone. ʻO Methyl bromide kahi mea hakakā kontroversial. ʻO nā haloalkanes wale nō i loko o ka chlorine, bromine, a me iodine kahi mea hoʻoweliweli i ka ozone layer, akā ʻo nā haloalkanos florinated florinated i ke kumumanaʻo e loaʻa ka hana e like me nā kinoea hoʻomehana honua. ʻO Methyl iodide, kahi mea kūlohelohe, akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe ona waiwai ozone-depleting a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo United States Environmental Protection Agency i ka hui i kahi pau ʻole ozone layer depleter. No ka ʻike hou aku, e ʻike iā Halomethane. ʻO Haloalkane a i ʻole alkyl halides nā mea hoʻohui i loaʻa ka mana laulā ʻo "RX" kahi ʻo R he alkyl a i ʻole hui alkyl i pani ʻia a ʻo X he halogen.
Hoʻohui Organoiodine: ʻO nā hui Organoiodine he mau meaola kūlohelohe i piha i hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha nā paʻa carbon-iodine. Kūleʻa lākou i ka kemikaola, akā ʻano laha ʻole i ke kūlohelohe. ʻO nā hormones thyroxine nā hui organoiodine e koi ʻia no ke olakino a me ke kumu o ka iodization o ka paʻakai i kauoha ʻia e ke aupuni.
Alkyl ketene dimer: ʻO Alkyl ketene dimers (AKDs) kahi ʻohana o nā meaola kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana apo 4-membered o ka oxetan-2-one, ʻo ia nō hoʻi ka mea kūkulu waena o propiolactone a me diketene. Hoʻopili ʻia i ke apo oxetane o nā ʻenehana alkyl ketene dimers pili pono aia kahi hui C 12 - C 16 alkyl i ka 3-kūlana a me kahi hui C 13 - C 17 alkylidene i ka 4-kūlana.
Hoʻolaha Organolithium: ʻO nā reagene Organolithium he mau hui organometallic i loaʻa i nā paʻa kalapona - lithium. He mea nui kēia mau mea i loko o ka synthetic synthetic, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hoʻololi i ka hui organic a i ʻole ka lithium atom i nā substrates i nā ʻanuʻu synthetic, ma o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka nucleophilic a i ʻole ka deprotonation maʻalahi. Hoʻohana ʻia nā meaola Organolithium i ka ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaka no ka polyionization anionic, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hana o nā elastomers like ʻole. Ua noi ʻia lākou i ka synthesist asymmetric i ka ʻoihana lāʻau. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa nui o ka electronegativity ma waena o ka carbon carbon a me ka atom lithium, ʻo ka bond C-Li ka mea ionic nui. Ma muli o ke ʻano polar o ka paʻa C-Li, he mea maikaʻi nā ʻōnaehana organolithium a me nā kumu ikaika. No ka synthetic synthetic laboratory, loaʻa he nui nā mea kūʻai aku o organolithium i ka hopena hopena. Kūleʻa nui kēia mau mea reagents, a i kekahi manawa pyrophoric.
Hoʻolaha Organolithium: ʻO nā reagene Organolithium he mau hui organometallic i loaʻa i nā paʻa kalapona - lithium. He mea nui kēia mau mea i loko o ka synthetic synthetic, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hoʻololi i ka hui organic a i ʻole ka lithium atom i nā substrates i nā ʻanuʻu synthetic, ma o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka nucleophilic a i ʻole ka deprotonation maʻalahi. Hoʻohana ʻia nā meaola Organolithium i ka ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaka no ka polyionization anionic, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hana o nā elastomers like ʻole. Ua noi ʻia lākou i ka synthesist asymmetric i ka ʻoihana lāʻau. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa nui o ka electronegativity ma waena o ka carbon carbon a me ka atom lithium, ʻo ka bond C-Li ka mea ionic nui. Ma muli o ke ʻano polar o ka paʻa C-Li, he mea maikaʻi nā ʻōnaehana organolithium a me nā kumu ikaika. No ka synthetic synthetic laboratory, loaʻa he nui nā mea kūʻai aku o organolithium i ka hopena hopena. Kūleʻa nui kēia mau mea reagents, a i kekahi manawa pyrophoric.
Maltoside: ʻO kahi maltoside kahi glycoside me ka maltose e like me ka pūʻulu hana glycone (kō). Ma waena o nā mea maʻamau nā alkyl maltosides , i loaʻa i nā kaulahao alkyl hydrophobic e like me ka agylcone. Hāʻawi ʻia i ko lākou mau amphoteric ponoʻī, kēia mau mea i kahi papa o nā mea holoi, kahi e hoʻololi ai ka hoʻololi alkyl i kahi ʻano o nā mea holoi holoi e like me CMC a me ka solubility. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Maltosides no ka solubilization a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā protein membrane.
Maltoside: ʻO kahi maltoside kahi glycoside me ka maltose e like me ka pūʻulu hana glycone (kō). Ma waena o nā mea maʻamau nā alkyl maltosides , i loaʻa i nā kaulahao alkyl hydrophobic e like me ka agylcone. Hāʻawi ʻia i ko lākou mau amphoteric ponoʻī, kēia mau mea i kahi papa o nā mea holoi, kahi e hoʻololi ai ka hoʻololi alkyl i kahi ʻano o nā mea holoi holoi e like me CMC a me ka solubility. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Maltosides no ka solubilization a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā protein membrane.
Nitrate: ʻO Nitrate kahi ion polyatomic me ke ʻano kemika NO - 3 . Kapa ʻia nā paʻakai i loko o kēia ion i nā nitrates . ʻO Nitrates nā mea maʻamau o nā mea momona a me nā mea pahū. ʻAneʻane hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā nitrates inorganic āpau i ka wai. ʻO kahi laʻana o ka nitrate insoluble ka bismuth oxynitrate.
Nitrate: ʻO Nitrate kahi ion polyatomic me ke ʻano kemika NO - 3 . Kapa ʻia nā paʻakai i loko o kēia ion i nā nitrates . ʻO Nitrates nā mea maʻamau o nā mea momona a me nā mea pahū. ʻAneʻane hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā nitrates inorganic āpau i ka wai. ʻO kahi laʻana o ka nitrate insoluble ka bismuth oxynitrate.
Nitrile: ʻO ka nitrile kahi hui kūmole i loaʻa kahi hui hana functionalC≡N. Hoʻohana hoʻololi ʻia ka pīpeku cyano- me ka manawa nitrile i nā palapala ʻenehana. Loaʻa nā Nitriles i nā pūhui pono he nui, e like me ka methyl cyanoacrylate, hoʻohana ʻia i ka glue super, a me ka rubber nitrile, kahi polymer i loaʻa me ka nitrile i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hale hana manuahi latex a me nā mīkina lima lapaʻau. Hoʻohana ākea pū ʻia ʻo Nitrile rubber ma ke ʻano he kaʻa a me nā sila ʻē aʻe no ka mea kūpaʻa ia i nā wahie a me nā aila. Hoʻohui ʻia nā hui i loko o nā hui nitrile he cyanocarbons.
Alkyl nitrites: ʻO Alkyl nitrites kahi hui o nā mea hoʻohui kemika e pili ana i ka mole mole R-ONO . ʻO ka mea maʻamau he ʻākela alkyl o ka waikawa nitrous. Kūʻokoʻa lākou mai nā nitro compound (R-NO 2 ).
Alkyl nitrites: ʻO Alkyl nitrites kahi hui o nā mea hoʻohui kemika e pili ana i ka mole mole R-ONO . ʻO ka mea maʻamau he ʻākela alkyl o ka waikawa nitrous. Kūʻokoʻa lākou mai nā nitro compound (R-NO 2 ).
Alkyl phosphate: Pili ʻo Alkyl phosphates i kahi hui o nā meaola kūlohelohe i kapa ʻia ʻo organophosphates. ʻO lākou nā esters o ka ph acidic acid H 3 PO 4 a me ka waiʻona like. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka haʻilula o methyl phosphate ʻo CH 3 -H 2 PO 4 , dimethyl phosphate - (CH 3 ) 2 HPO 4 a me trimethyl phosphate - (CH 3 ) 3 PO 4 . Hoʻolahalaha nui ʻia ʻo Alkyl phosphates ma ke ʻano, a hana i ke kumu o ka nui o nā hana olaola. ʻO kahi laʻana, nā metabolites ikehu kiʻekiʻe e like me ATP a me PEP he alkyl phosphates, a ʻo nā nucleic acid e like me DNA a me RNA. He mea nui ka Alkyl phosphates i ka lāʻau, no ka laʻana, hana ʻole ka lāʻau HIV AZT a lilo ia i alkyl phosphate ma vivo.
Alkyl phosphate: Pili ʻo Alkyl phosphates i kahi hui o nā meaola kūlohelohe i kapa ʻia ʻo organophosphates. ʻO lākou nā esters o ka ph acidic acid H 3 PO 4 a me ka waiʻona like. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka haʻilula o methyl phosphate ʻo CH 3 -H 2 PO 4 , dimethyl phosphate - (CH 3 ) 2 HPO 4 a me trimethyl phosphate - (CH 3 ) 3 PO 4 . Hoʻolahalaha nui ʻia ʻo Alkyl phosphates ma ke ʻano, a hana i ke kumu o ka nui o nā hana olaola. ʻO kahi laʻana, nā metabolites ikehu kiʻekiʻe e like me ATP a me PEP he alkyl phosphates, a ʻo nā nucleic acid e like me DNA a me RNA. He mea nui ka Alkyl phosphates i ka lāʻau, no ka laʻana, hana ʻole ka lāʻau HIV AZT a lilo ia i alkyl phosphate ma vivo.
Alkyl polyglycoside: ʻO Alkyl polyglycosides (APGs) kahi papa o nā surfactants non-ionic i hoʻohana ākea ʻia ma nā ʻano cosmetic, home, a me nā ʻoihana ʻenehana. ʻO nā meaolaola a me nā mea kanu i loaʻa mai i nā kō, ʻo kēia mau surfactants ka mea maʻamau i loaʻa i nā glucose, a me nā wai ʻona momona. ʻO nā mea maka ka starch a momona, a ʻo nā huahana hope loa he mau huikau paʻakikī o nā pūhui me nā suga like ʻole e pili ana i ka hopena hydrophilic a me nā hui alkyl o ka lōʻihi e like me ka hopena hydrophobic. Ke loaʻa mai i ka glucose, ʻike ʻia lākou ʻo alkyl polyglucosides.
Alkyl polyglycoside: ʻO Alkyl polyglycosides (APGs) kahi papa o nā surfactants non-ionic i hoʻohana ākea ʻia ma nā ʻano cosmetic, home, a me nā ʻoihana ʻenehana. ʻO nā meaolaola a me nā mea kanu i loaʻa mai i nā kō, ʻo kēia mau surfactants ka mea maʻamau i loaʻa i nā glucose, a me nā wai ʻona momona. ʻO nā mea maka ka starch a momona, a ʻo nā huahana hope loa he mau huikau paʻakikī o nā pūhui me nā suga like ʻole e pili ana i ka hopena hydrophilic a me nā hui alkyl o ka lōʻihi e like me ka hopena hydrophobic. Ke loaʻa mai i ka glucose, ʻike ʻia lākou ʻo alkyl polyglucosides.
Alkylpyrazine: ʻO Alkylpyrazines nā mea hoʻohui kemika e pili ana i ka pyrazine me nā ʻano hakahaka. ʻO kekahi o nā alkylpyrazines e kū maoli i nā mea ʻaʻala a loaʻa pinepine i kahi paepae haahaa haʻahaʻa a hāʻawi i ka ʻono a me ka ʻala o nā meaʻai like ʻole me ka koko, nā mea i hoʻomoʻa ʻia, ka kope a me nā waina. Hoʻokumu pū ʻia ʻo Alkylpyrazines i ka wā o ke kuke ʻana i kekahi mau meaʻai ma o nā hopena a Maillard.
Alkylpyrazine: ʻO Alkylpyrazines nā mea hoʻohui kemika e pili ana i ka pyrazine me nā ʻano hakahaka. ʻO kekahi o nā alkylpyrazines e kū maoli i nā mea ʻaʻala a loaʻa pinepine i kahi paepae haahaa haʻahaʻa a hāʻawi i ka ʻono a me ka ʻala o nā meaʻai like ʻole me ka koko, nā mea i hoʻomoʻa ʻia, ka kope a me nā waina. Hoʻokumu pū ʻia ʻo Alkylpyrazines i ka wā o ke kuke ʻana i kekahi mau meaʻai ma o nā hopena a Maillard.
Alkylresorcinol: ʻO Alkylresorcinols , a i ʻike ʻia hoʻi me nā lipid resorcinolic , he lipids phenolic i haku ʻia o nā kaulahao aliphatic lōʻihi a me nā apo phenolic resorcinol-type.
Organosilicon: ʻO nā hui Organosilicon he mau mea organometallic e paʻa ana i nā paʻa kalapona-silikone. ʻO ke kemika Organosilicon ka ʻepekema kūlike o kā lākou hoʻomākaukau a me nā waiwai. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pūhui organosilicon e like me nā meaola kūlohelohe maʻamau, he kala ʻole, puhi ʻole, hydrophobic, a kūpaʻa i ka ea. ʻO ka silikona kalapona kahi hui inorganic .
Succinic anhydride: ʻO Succinic anhydride , kahi hui kūmole me ka mole mole (CH 2 CO) 2 O. ʻO kēia paʻa kala ʻole ka waikawa anhydride o ka waikawa succinic.
Hoʻonohonoho: ʻO Organosulfates kahi papa o nā mea hoʻohui kūlohelohe e kaʻana like ana i kahi hui hana maʻamau me ka hanana RO-SO 3 - . ʻO ka lālā SO 4 kahi hui sulfate a ʻo ka hui R kahi koena kūlohelohe. ʻO nā organosulfates āpau he esters maʻamau i loaʻa mai nā wai ʻona a me ka waikawa sulfuric, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hoʻomākaukau ka hapa nui i kēia ala. Hoʻohana ʻia nā esters sulfate he nui i nā mea holoi, a he mau mea hoʻohana pono kekahi. Aia nā alkyl sulfates i kahi kaulahao hydrophobic hydrocarbon, kahi hui polate sulfate (loaʻa kahi anion) a i ʻole kahi cation a i ʻole amine e hoʻopau i ka hui sulfate. Eia kekahi laʻana e like me: sodium lauryl sulfate (ʻike ʻia ʻo sulfuric acid mono dodecyl ester sodium paʻakai) a me nā paʻakai potassium a me ammonium e pili ana.
Alkyl sulfonate: ʻO Alkyl sulfonates nā esters o nā alkane sulfonic acid me ke ʻano maʻamau R-SO 2 -O-R '. Hana lākou ma ke ʻano he alkylating agents, hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o lākou e like me alkylating antineoplastic agents i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, e laʻa me Busulfan.
Alkyl sulfonate: ʻO Alkyl sulfonates nā esters o nā alkane sulfonic acid me ke ʻano maʻamau R-SO 2 -O-R '. Hana lākou ma ke ʻano he alkylating agents, hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o lākou e like me alkylating antineoplastic agents i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, e laʻa me Busulfan.
Sulfonic acid: A sulfonicʻakika (ole sulphonicʻakika) pili i kekahi lālā o ka papa o organosulfur i huiʻia me ka mau haʻilula R-S (= O) 2 -OH, kahi R mea he aloha alakaila paha aryl pae a me ka S (= O) 2 (OH) hui i kahi sulfonyl hydroxide. Ma ke ʻano he substituent, ʻike ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he hui sulfo . Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kahi sulfonic acid ma ke ʻano he sulfuric acid me kahi hui hydroxyl i pani ʻia e kahi pani hakahaka. ʻO ka mea hoʻohui makua (me ka substituent organik i hoʻololi ʻia e hydrogen) ʻo ia ka makua sulfonic acid, HS (= O) 2 (OH), kahi tautomer o ka sulfurous acid, S (= O) (OH) 2 . Kapa ʻia nā paʻakai a i ʻole nā ​​esters o nā sulfonic acid i nā sulfonates.
Hoʻonohonoho: ʻO Organosulfates kahi papa o nā mea hoʻohui kūlohelohe e kaʻana like ana i kahi hui hana maʻamau me ka hanana RO-SO 3 - . ʻO ka lālā SO 4 kahi hui sulfate a ʻo ka hui R kahi koena kūlohelohe. ʻO nā organosulfates āpau he esters maʻamau i loaʻa mai nā wai ʻona a me ka waikawa sulfuric, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hoʻomākaukau ka hapa nui i kēia ala. Hoʻohana ʻia nā esters sulfate he nui i nā mea holoi, a he mau mea hoʻohana pono kekahi. Aia nā alkyl sulfates i kahi kaulahao hydrophobic hydrocarbon, kahi hui polate sulfate (loaʻa kahi anion) a i ʻole kahi cation a i ʻole amine e hoʻopau i ka hui sulfate. Eia kekahi laʻana e like me: sodium lauryl sulfate (ʻike ʻia ʻo sulfuric acid mono dodecyl ester sodium paʻakai) a me nā paʻakai potassium a me ammonium e pili ana.
Alkylacetylglycerophosphatase: I loko o ka enzymology, kahi alkylacetylglycerophosphatase (EC 3.1.3.59 ) kahi enzyme e catalyzed ka hopena kemika 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + H 2 O 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol + phosphate
Alkylamidase: I ka enzymology, kahi alkylamidase (EC 3.5.1.39 ) kahi enzyme e catalyze i ka hopena kemika N-methylhexanamide + H 2 ʻO hexanoate + methylamine
Alkylamines: E nānā paha ʻo Alkylamines i: ʻAmine Aliphatic Nā alkylamines psychotropic
Alkylamines: E nānā paha ʻo Alkylamines i: ʻAmine Aliphatic Nā alkylamines psychotropic