Avian influenza, Avian Island, Avian Java

Influenza Avian: ʻO ka maʻi palū ʻo Avian , ʻike ʻike ʻole ʻia e like me ka maʻi palū a i ʻole ka maʻi palū manu , he ʻano maʻi influenza i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea ʻino i hoʻololi ʻia i nā manu. ʻO ke ʻano me ka makaʻu nui loa ʻo ia ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi pathogenic ( HPAI ). ʻAno like ka maʻi palū manu me ka maʻi puaʻa, ka maʻi ʻo ʻīlio, ka maʻi lio a me ka maʻi kanaka ma ke ʻano he maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi virus influenza i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi hoʻokipa kikoʻī. Mai loko mai o ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi influenza, ʻo ka maʻi influenza A he maʻi zoonotic me kahi wai kūlohelohe kokoke i nā manu. ʻO ka maʻi influenza Avian, no ka nui o nā kumu, pili i ka maʻi influenza A.
Mokupuni Avian: He moku ʻo Avian Island , 1.2 km (0.7 mi) ka lōʻihi a 40 mika (130 ft) ke kiʻekiʻe, e moe ana ma ke kihi hema o ka ʻO Adelaide Island, Antarctica. Ua ʻike ʻia e ka French Antarctic Expedition, 1908-10, ma lalo o Jean-Baptiste Charcot, a kipa ʻia i ka makahiki 1948 e ka Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, ka mea i kapa ʻia pēlā no ka nui a me nā ʻano manu (avian) i loaʻa ma laila.
ʻO Avian Java: ʻO ka Avian Java kahi ʻēheu kiʻekiʻe Pelekane, hoʻokahi wahi, hoʻolele haʻuki holomua holomua, hoʻolālā ʻia e Steve Elkins a me Neil Hammerton a hana ʻia e Avian Limited o Hope Valley, Derbyshire.
ʻO Cornell Lab o Ornithology: ʻO ka Cornell Lab of Ornithology kahi lālā i kākoʻo ʻia o ke Kulanui ʻo Cornell ma Ithaca, New York, kahi e aʻo ai i nā manu a me nā holoholona lōhiu ʻē aʻe. Kau ʻia ma ka Imogene Powers Johnson Center no nā Manu a me nā Meaolaola ma Sapsucker Woods Sanctuary. Ma kahi o 250 ʻepekema, polopeka, limahana, a me nā haumāna e hana ana i nā ʻano papahana like ʻole i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no kā Misiona huakaʻi: ka wehewehe ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea olaola o ka Honua ma o ka noiʻi ʻana, ka naʻau, a me ka ʻepekema kamaʻāina e kia ana i nā manu. Kākoʻo nui ʻia ka hana ma ka Lab e kona mau lālā 75,000. Hoʻopuka ka Cornell Lab i nā puke ma lalo o ka Cornell Lab Publishing Group, kahi paʻi hapahā, ka magazine ʻo Bird Manu , a me kahi nūhou uila o ka mahina. Mālama ia i nā papahana ʻepekema lehulehu a me nā pūnaewele, me ka Webby Award-winning All About Birds .
Alex (ʻoka): He paleka hina ʻo Alex a me ke kumuhana o kahi hoʻokolohua kanakolukū makahiki e ka psychologist holoholona holoholona ʻo Irene Pepperberg, ma ke Kulanui o Arizona a ma hope ma ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard a me ke Kulanui ʻo Brandeis. I ka piha ʻana o hoʻokahi makahiki o Alex, ua kūʻai ʻo Pepperberg iā ia ma kahi hale kūʻai holoholona. ʻO ka inoa ʻo Alex kahi inoa pōkole no ka hoʻokolohua ʻōlelo avian , a i ʻole hoʻokolohua aʻo avian . Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo ia iā Albert Einstein a i ka ʻelua mau makahiki ua pane pololei ʻo ia i nā nīnau no nā keiki ʻeono makahiki.
Kau palena ʻo Avian: ʻO Avian Limited kahi mea hana mokulele Pelekania e hana i kahi laina o nā leʻaleʻa a me nā hoʻokūkū hang glider. Hoʻolako pū ka ʻoihana i nā huahana mokulele hoʻohauʻoli mai nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, e like me nā mea lele lele eheu paʻa mai AIR Atos.
Ava Moore: He kolohe ʻo Ava Moore ma ka papahana kīwī ʻo FX Networks Nip / Tuck . Pāʻani ʻia e Famke Janssen, ua hoʻolauna ʻia ke ʻano ma ke kau ʻelua o ka hōʻike.
Paleornithology: ʻO Paleornithology , ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he avont paleontology , ke aʻo ʻepekema o ka ulu manu a me nā manu fossil. He hapalua ia o ka ornithology a me ka paleontology. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Paleornithology me ka loaʻa ʻana o Archeopteryx . ʻO ka pilina reptilian o nā manu a me ko lākou mau kūpuna, nā dinosaurs theropod, nā mea nui o ka noiʻi paleornithological. ʻO nā wahi ʻē aʻe i hoihoi i nā paleornithologists nā manu kai mua ʻo Ichthyornis , Hesperornis , a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā paleornithologists kaulana ʻo Storrs L. Olson, Alexander Wetmore, Alan Feduccia, Cécile Mourer-Chauviré, Philip Ashmole, Pierce Brodkorb, Trevor H. Worth, Zhou Zhonghe, Yevgeny Kurochkin, Bradley C. Livezey, Gareth J. Dyke, Luis M. Chiappe , ʻO Gerald Mayr lāua ʻo David Steadman.
Worcester, Western Cape: ʻO Worcester kahi kūlanakauhale ma ke komohana kai, ʻApelika Hema. Aia ia ma 120 mau mile (75 mi) ʻākau-hikina o Cape Town ma ke alaloa N1 ma ka ʻākau a hiki i Johannesburg.
Worcester, Western Cape: ʻO Worcester kahi kūlanakauhale ma ke komohana kai, ʻApelika Hema. Aia ia ma 120 mau mile (75 mi) ʻākau-hikina o Cape Town ma ke alaloa N1 ma ka ʻākau a hiki i Johannesburg.
Avian orthoreovirus: ʻO Avian orthoreovirus , i ʻike ʻia ʻo avian reovirus , kahi orthoreovirus mai ka ʻohana Reoviridae. ʻO ka maʻi maʻi ke kumu o ka arthritis a me ka tenosynovitis i nā manu moa. Hiki iā ia ke kumu i ka maʻi hanu.
ʻO Avian Rio: ʻO ka Avian Rio kahi ʻēheu kiʻekiʻe Pelekane, kahi hoʻokahi, kahi glider hang glider, hoʻolālā ʻia e Steve Elkins a me Neil Hammerton a hana ʻia e Avian Limited o Hope Valley, Derbyshire.
ʻO ka maʻi virus leukosis avian sarcoma: ʻO Avian sarcoma leukosis virus ( ASLV ) kahi retrovirus endogenous e hoʻopili a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā moa; hiki i ka hoʻokolohua ke hoʻopilikia i nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe a me nā māmala. Hoʻohālikelike ʻo ASLV i nā fibroblasts embryo moa, nā hunaola e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pūnaewele hoʻopili. Aia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka maʻi, e like me lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, a me osteopetrotic.
ʻO ka maʻi virus leukosis avian sarcoma: ʻO Avian sarcoma leukosis virus ( ASLV ) kahi retrovirus endogenous e hoʻopili a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā moa; hiki i ka hoʻokolohua ke hoʻopilikia i nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe a me nā māmala. Hoʻohālikelike ʻo ASLV i nā fibroblasts embryo moa, nā hunaola e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pūnaewele hoʻopili. Aia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka maʻi, e like me lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, a me osteopetrotic.
Hiamoe ʻo Avian: I nā manu, hiamoe nā "wā o ka pani ʻana o ka maka i hoʻopau ʻia e nā wā pōkole o ka wehe ʻana o ka maka." I loko o nā wā pōkole o ka wehe maka, electroencephalographic (EEG) haʻawina hōʻike i ka hiamoe mau o nā manu; kūlike ka pae uila ma ka lolo. Hoʻihoʻi nā manu i kā lākou mau paepae hoʻonāukiuki i ka wā hiamoe. I loko o kā lākou wā pōkole maka, hiki i nā manu hiamoe ke hoʻoneʻe ʻaneʻane i ka wā e hoʻoweliweli ʻia e kahi mea ʻino. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano Avian e kaukaʻi i ka nui o ka ʻohana a me ke kiʻekiʻe no ka makaʻala predatory. Ma waena o ka hiamoe ʻana a me ka hiamoe ʻana o ka pūʻulu, hiki i kēia mau hoʻomalu ke ʻoluʻolu a palekana hoʻi i ka hiamoe.
Hale kiaʻi ʻo Avian: He hale kiʻekiʻe ʻo Avian Tower ma Surabaya, Indonesia. Lawelawe ia ma ke keʻena nui o Avian Brands
ʻO Avian Vacuolar myelinopathy: ʻO Avian Vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) kahi maʻi neurological make e hoʻopili i nā waterbirds a me nā raptors. He mea maʻamau ia i ka ʻaeto ʻōhule a me nā kapa amerika, a ʻike ʻia ia i ka killdeer, bufflehead, shoveler ʻākau, wigeon ʻAmelika, Canada goose, pueo pepeiaohao nui, mallard, a me ka ʻāʻī ʻāʻī. ʻO Avian Vacuolar myelinopathy kahi maʻi hou i ʻike ʻia i ʻike ʻia ma ke kula i ka makahiki 1994 i ka wā i loaʻa ai nā ʻaeto ʻōhule make kokoke i DeGray Lake ma Arkansas i United States. Mai ia manawa, ua pālahalaha ʻia i ʻehā mau mokuʻāina hou a komo i loko o nā ʻōnaehana wai he nui me nā waihona wai he 10. ʻO ke kumu o ka make he mau leona ma ka lolo a me ka iwi kuamoo. ʻO kahi neurotoxin i kapa ʻia ʻo aetokthonotoxin i hana ʻia e cyanobacteria ke kumu o ka maʻi.
Avian adenovirus: ʻO nā Aviadenoviruses nā adenoviruse e hoʻopili i nā manu-ʻo ia hoʻi nā moa, nā ʻāpala, nā geese, nā kuhukukū a me nā pheasants. Aia he 15 mau laha i kēia ʻano. Hoʻokumu nā virus i kēia genus i nā syndrome maʻi e like me Quail Bronchitis (QB), Egg Drop Syndrome (EDS), Haemorrhagic Enteritis (HE), Pheasant Marble Spleen Disease (MSD), a me ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Hepatitis Kino (IBH). He hoʻolaha ko Avian adenoviruses ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a he mea maʻamau ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano he nui ma kahi mahiʻai hoʻokahi. ʻO nā serogroup maʻamau nā serogroup 1, 2 a me 3.
Duck atadenovirus A: ʻO Duck atadenovirus A kahi ʻano hemagglutinating adenovirus i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka maʻi kōpelu hua.
Anatomi manu: ʻO ka anatomy manu , a i ʻole ke ʻano physiological o nā kino o nā manu, hōʻike i nā hoʻohālikelike kū hoʻokahi, ʻo ka hapanui ke kōkua lele. He ʻōnaehana iwi māmā ko nā manu a he māmā akā he musculature ikaika ka mea, a me nā ʻōnaehana holoholo a me nā hanu hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o nā uku metabolic a me ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka oxygen, e ʻae i ka manu e lele. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi nuku ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka ulu ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana digestive i kāwili ʻia.
ʻO ka maʻi Virulent Newcastle: ʻO ka maʻi Virulent Newcastle ( VND ), ka maʻi ʻo Newcastle exotic , he maʻi lele maʻi lele lele ia e hoʻopili ana i nā ʻano manu kūloko a manu hihiu hoʻi; hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia i nā kānaka. ʻOiai hiki iā ia ke hoʻopili i nā kānaka, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hihia ʻaʻole hōʻailona; kākaʻikahi ka mea hiki ke hoʻonā i kahi fiva māmā a me nā maʻi like influenza a me / a i ʻole conjunctivitis i nā kānaka. Hoʻomaopopo nui ʻia kona hopena i nā manu moa kūloko ma muli o ko lākou maʻalahi maʻalahi a me ka hiki no nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka epizootic ma nā ʻoihana moa. He hopena ia i nā ʻāina he nui. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kahi lapaʻau no VND, akā ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā lāʻau āpau prophylactic a me nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe e hoʻemi ai i ka likelika o nā laha.
Avian metaavulavirus 2: ʻO Avian metaavulavirus 2 , ʻo Avian paramyxovirus 2 , he ʻano maʻi o ka ʻohana Paramyxoviridae a me ka genus Metaavulavirus . ʻO ka virus he maʻi maikaʻi RNA strand maikaʻi ʻole i loaʻa kahi genome monopartite. ʻO Avian metaavulavirus 2 kekahi o nā ʻano eiwa e pili ana i ka genus Metaavulavirus . ʻO ka serotype maʻamau o Avulavirinae ka serotype 1, ke kumu o ka maʻi Newcastle (ND). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Avian metaavulavirus 2 i kumu e loaʻa ai ka maʻi, kikoʻī pū kekahi i nā maʻi hanu i nā moa manuahi, e like me nā kuhukukū a me nā moa, a he nui nā hopena waiwai i ka hana hua manu a me nā manu moa. Ua hoʻokaʻawale mua ʻia ka maʻi mai kahi maʻi ma Yucaipa, Kaleponi i ka makahiki 1956. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaʻawale ʻē aʻe o ka maʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
Influenza Avian: ʻO ka maʻi palū ʻo Avian , ʻike ʻike ʻole ʻia e like me ka maʻi palū a i ʻole ka maʻi palū manu , he ʻano maʻi influenza i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea ʻino i hoʻololi ʻia i nā manu. ʻO ke ʻano me ka makaʻu nui loa ʻo ia ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi pathogenic ( HPAI ). ʻAno like ka maʻi palū manu me ka maʻi puaʻa, ka maʻi ʻo ʻīlio, ka maʻi lio a me ka maʻi kanaka ma ke ʻano he maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi virus influenza i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi hoʻokipa kikoʻī. Mai loko mai o ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi influenza, ʻo ka maʻi influenza A he maʻi zoonotic me kahi wai kūlohelohe kokoke i nā manu. ʻO ka maʻi influenza Avian, no ka nui o nā kumu, pili i ka maʻi influenza A.
ʻO kaavavirus hānau: I ka 2008, e ka pyrosequencing o cDNA mai ka lolo o kekahi mau ʻoka e loaʻa ana i ka maʻi dilatation prooftricular (PDD), Honkavuori et al. ʻike ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi novelavavirus.
ʻO ka botulism Avian: ʻO Avian Botulism kahi ʻano o ka botulism e pili ana i nā heluna manu ʻāhiu a pio hoʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka manu nui wai. He maʻi lolo kēia i lawe ʻia mai e ka Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNt) o ke koʻohune Clostridium botulinum . Hiki iā C. botulinum ke hāʻule i loko o kekahi o 7 mau ʻano ʻokoʻa nā kūpona A ma o G. ʻAno C BoNt e pili pinepine ʻia me ka make ʻana o ka moa wai. Hoʻohui pū ʻia ka ʻino E me nā ʻino avian a ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā ʻano iʻa ke kumu o ka nui o nā maʻi ahulau i nā manu piscivorous.
Pallium ʻo Avian: I ka neuroanatomy o nā holoholona, ​​ʻo ka pallium avian ka telorsphalon dorsal o ka lolo o ka manu. ʻO ka subpallium ka telencephalon ventral.
Chlamydia psittaci: ʻO Chlamydia psittaci kahi maʻi bacteria bacterial intracellular hiki ke kumu i ka chamydiosis avian endemik, nā maʻi epizootic i nā māmela, a me nā psittacosis hanu i nā kānaka. ʻO nā mea hoʻokipa kūpono pū kekahi me nā manu feral a me nā manu moa, a me nā bipi, nā puaʻa, nā hipa, a me nā lio. Hoʻouna ʻia ʻo C. psittaci e ka inhalation, ka hoʻopili ʻana, a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i waena o nā manu a me nā māmela. Hoʻomaka pinepine ʻo Psittacosis i nā manu a i loko o nā kānaka me nā ʻōuli e like me ka flu a lilo i pneumonia hoʻoweliweli ola. Noho nā ʻano ʻē he nui i nā manu a hiki i ka hoʻoulu ʻia e ke koʻikoʻi. Maikaʻi loa nā manu, nā mea lawe lima lawe lima kiʻekiʻe no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka maʻi chlamydia, no ka mea, hānai lākou, a hiki i ke komo ʻana i ka detritus o nā holoholona maʻi o nā ʻano like ʻole.
Manu kolera: Na manu cholera ua i kapaia avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis, avian hemorrhagic septicemia.
Ka nui o ka paʻa ʻana ʻo Avian: ʻO ka nui o ka paʻa e pili ana i ka helu o nā hua i waiho ʻia i loko o hoʻokahi brood e nā manu kūnana. ʻO nā helu i kau ʻia e kekahi ʻano ma kahi i hāʻawi ʻia e wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia e nā kālepa evolutionary me nā kumu he nui e pili ana, e like me ka loaʻa o nā kumuwaiwai a me nā kaohi ikaika. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka lauwili a me ka pilina ma waena o ka latitude a me ka nui o ka paʻa i lilo i kumuhana hoihoi i ka hana hou ʻana o ka avian a me ka evolution. ʻO David Lack lāua ʻo RE Moreau kekahi o nā mea mua e noiʻi i ka hopena o ka latitude i ka helu o nā hua manu ma ka pūnana. Mai ka pepa mua a Lack i ka waenakonu o 1940s ua nui ka noiʻi ʻana e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka uʻulima me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka latitu. ʻO nā kumu pili a hope loa no kēia kumu i lilo i kumuhana o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ikaika e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā manaʻo ma ka hui, kanaka, a me nā ʻike gen-centric o ke koho ʻana.
Mākēneki: ʻO ka Magnetorecept kahi ʻano e ʻae ai i kahi meaola e ʻike i kahi māla magnet e ʻike i ke ʻaoʻao, ke kiʻekiʻe a me kahi paha. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano sensory e nā ʻano holoholona no ka ʻike a me ka hoʻokele, a ma ke ʻano he hana no nā holoholona e hoʻomohala i nā palapala ʻāina. I ka hoʻokele, pili ka magnetorecept i ka ʻike ʻana o ka honua Mākēneki.
Avian coronavirus: He ʻano maʻi ʻo Avian coronavirus mai ka genus Gammacoronavirus e hoʻopili i nā manu; mai ka 2018, nā gammacoronaviruse āpau e hoʻopili i nā manu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me kēia ʻano hoʻokahi. ʻO ke kanana o ka avian coronavirus i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he virus infectious bronchitis (IBV) ʻo ia wale nō ka coronavirus e hoʻopili i nā moa. Kuhi ia i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi, kahi maʻi lele loa e pili ana i ka hanu hanu, ʻōpū, nā puʻuwai a me nā ʻōnaehana hānau. Hoʻopili ka IBV i ka hana o nā moa hana a me nā moa hua manu a he kuleana no ka pohō nui o ka waiwai i loko o ka ʻoihana moa. ʻO ke kanana o ka avian coronavirus i hōʻike mua ʻia ma ke ʻano he Turkey coronavirus ke kumu o ka maʻi gastrointestinal i nā kuhukukū.
ʻO Avian coronavirus 9203: ʻO Avian coronavirus 9203 kahi ʻano o coronavirus i ka genus Gammacoronavirus .
Manu: ʻO nā manu kahi pūʻulu o nā vertebrates koko pumehana e hoʻokumu ana i ka papa Aves , ʻano e ka hulu, nā nuku nuku ʻole, ka waiho ʻana o nā hua manu paʻa, kahi helu metabolic kiʻekiʻe, kahi puʻuwai ʻehā keʻena, a me kahi iwi iwi ikaika a māmā naʻe. Noho nā manu ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a kau i ka nui mai ka 5.5 cm (2.2 in) bee hummingbird a i ka 2.8 m ostrich. Aia ma kahi o ʻumi kaukani mau ʻano ola, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ia mau mea he passerine, a i ʻole nā ​​manu "perching". He mau ʻeheu ko nā manu kahi e loli ka ulu ʻana e like me nā laha; ʻo nā pūʻulu ʻike wale ʻia me ka ʻole o nā ʻeheu ka moa pau a me nā manu ʻelepa. ʻO nā ʻēheu, ka mea i ulu aʻe mai nā forelimbs, i hāʻawi i nā manu i ka hiki ke lele, ʻoiai ua alakaʻi ka evolution i ka nalowale o kekahi lele, e like me nā ratite, nā penguins, a me nā ʻano mokupuni like ʻole. Hoʻohui kūlike ʻia nā ʻōnaehana digestive a me nā ʻōpū o nā manu no ka lele ʻana. ʻO kekahi ʻano manu o nā wahi kai, ʻo nā kai kai a me kekahi mau manu ʻulu, ua ulu hou aʻe no ka ʻauʻau ʻana.
Nā hana kahua kālaikaola ʻo Avian: Nui a hewahewa nā ʻano hana i loaʻa no ka mālama ʻana i nā noiʻi kaiaola avian . Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻano: helu, nānā ʻana i ka pūnana, a me ke kiʻi ʻana a me ka māka ʻana.
Avian encephalitis mea hoʻomaʻi cis-hana replication hehee wale: I ka biology biology, ʻo ka Avian encephalitis virus cis-acting replication element (CRE) kahi mea a RNA e ʻike ʻia ma ka māhele coding o ka RNA-dependant RNA polymerase ma Avian encephalitis virus (AEV). Kūlike like ia me ka Hepatitis A virus cis-e hana nei i kahi mea hoʻoiho.
Tremovirus: ʻO Tremovirus , ka mea i ʻike ʻia ka haʻalulu nui , he ʻano maʻi ia no ka ʻohana Picornaviridae . ʻElua ʻano o ka genus, Tremovirus A , i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo Avian encephalomyelitis virus , a me Tremovirus B. ʻO ka avian picornavirus mua e hoʻopaʻa i kāna genome, hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ka maʻi ahulau i nā moa.
Hoʻolālā o nā manu: Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā manu i ka Jurassic Period, me nā manu mua loa i loaʻa mai kahi papa o nā dinosaurs theropod i kapa ʻia ʻo Paraves. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā manu ma ke ʻano he papa olaola, ʻo Aves . No hoʻokahi kenekulia, ʻo ka dinosaur theropod dinosaur Archeopteryx lithographica mai ka Late Jurassic wā i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka manu mua loa. Hoʻonohonoho nā lāʻau lapaʻau o kēia au i nā manu i ka dinosaur clade Theropoda. Wahi a ka manaʻo kuʻikahi o kēia manawa, ʻo Aves a me kahi hui kaikuahine, ke kauoha Crocodilia, ʻo ia wale nō nā lālā ola o kahi clade "reptile" ʻole, ʻo ka Archosauria. ʻEhā mau moʻokūʻauhau manu i ola i ka hanana Cretaceous –Paleogene extinction hanana 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala, e hoʻonui ana i nā aeto a me nā ʻohana (Paleognathae), nā ʻeke a me nā ʻohana (Anseriformes), nā manu noho honua (Galliformes), a me nā "manu hou" (Neoaves) .
Lele manu: ʻO ka lele manu kahi ʻano mua o ka locomotion i hoʻohana ʻia e ka hapanui o nā manu kahi e heʻe a lele ai nā manu. Kōkua ka lele i nā manu me ka hānai ʻana, ka hānau ʻana, ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā mea ʻaihue, a me ka neʻe ʻana.
Influenza Avian: ʻO ka maʻi palū ʻo Avian , ʻike ʻike ʻole ʻia e like me ka maʻi palū a i ʻole ka maʻi palū manu , he ʻano maʻi influenza i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea ʻino i hoʻololi ʻia i nā manu. ʻO ke ʻano me ka makaʻu nui loa ʻo ia ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi pathogenic ( HPAI ). ʻAno like ka maʻi palū manu me ka maʻi puaʻa, ka maʻi ʻo ʻīlio, ka maʻi lio a me ka maʻi kanaka ma ke ʻano he maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi virus influenza i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi hoʻokipa kikoʻī. Mai loko mai o ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi influenza, ʻo ka maʻi influenza A he maʻi zoonotic me kahi wai kūlohelohe kokoke i nā manu. ʻO ka maʻi influenza Avian, no ka nui o nā kumu, pili i ka maʻi influenza A.
Ka lawe a me ka maʻi o H5N1: ʻO ka lawe ʻana a me ka maʻi ʻana o H5N1 mai nā kumuwaiwai manu lele i nā kānaka he mea hopohopo ia mai ka hihia i hōʻike mua ʻia no ka maʻi kanaka ma 1997, ma muli o ka hoʻolaha ākea o H5N1 i lilo i mea hoʻoweliweli pandemic.
Influenza Avian: ʻO ka maʻi palū ʻo Avian , ʻike ʻike ʻole ʻia e like me ka maʻi palū a i ʻole ka maʻi palū manu , he ʻano maʻi influenza i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea ʻino i hoʻololi ʻia i nā manu. ʻO ke ʻano me ka makaʻu nui loa ʻo ia ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi pathogenic ( HPAI ). ʻAno like ka maʻi palū manu me ka maʻi puaʻa, ka maʻi ʻo ʻīlio, ka maʻi lio a me ka maʻi kanaka ma ke ʻano he maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi virus influenza i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi hoʻokipa kikoʻī. Mai loko mai o ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi influenza, ʻo ka maʻi influenza A he maʻi zoonotic me kahi wai kūlohelohe kokoke i nā manu. ʻO ka maʻi influenza Avian, no ka nui o nā kumu, pili i ka maʻi influenza A.
Influenza Avian: ʻO ka maʻi palū ʻo Avian , ʻike ʻike ʻole ʻia e like me ka maʻi palū a i ʻole ka maʻi palū manu , he ʻano maʻi influenza i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea ʻino i hoʻololi ʻia i nā manu. ʻO ke ʻano me ka makaʻu nui loa ʻo ia ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi pathogenic ( HPAI ). ʻAno like ka maʻi palū manu me ka maʻi puaʻa, ka maʻi ʻo ʻīlio, ka maʻi lio a me ka maʻi kanaka ma ke ʻano he maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi virus influenza i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi hoʻokipa kikoʻī. Mai loko mai o ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi influenza, ʻo ka maʻi influenza A he maʻi zoonotic me kahi wai kūlohelohe kokoke i nā manu. ʻO ka maʻi influenza Avian, no ka nui o nā kumu, pili i ka maʻi influenza A.
Hoʻolahalaha honua o H5N1: ʻO ka hoʻolaha ākea o ka H5N1 influenza i nā manu i manaʻo ʻia he mea hoʻoweliweli weliweli nui. ʻOiai ʻike ʻia nā maʻi H5N1 influenza ʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ia ma ka pae genetical mai kahi wā hou, pathogenic, a me nā kānana kūlohelohe o H5N1, i hiki ai ke hoʻokō i kēia wā i hoʻolaha mua ʻole ʻia ma ka honua i ka makahiki 2008. ʻO ka maʻa H5N1 kahi wikiwiki wikiwiki ʻo ka maʻi pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) i loaʻa i nā ʻano manu he nui. ʻO ia he epizootic a me ka panzootic. Inā ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, "H5N1" i kēia kaʻina manawa e pili ana i ka kānana pathogenic hou loa o H5N1.
ʻO ka maʻi ahulau influenza: ʻO ka maʻi ahulau influenza kahi maʻi ahulau o ka maʻi flu influenza i pālahalaha ʻia ma nā ʻāina ākea a hoʻopili ʻia i kahi mahele nui o ka lehulehu. Aia he ʻelima i nā makahiki 140 i hala iho nei, me ka maʻi maʻi maʻi 1918 ʻoi loa ka maʻi maʻi; Kuhi ʻia kēia maʻi ahulau i ke kumu o ka make ʻana o 50-100 miliona mau kānaka. ʻO ka mea i hala loa aku nei, ʻo ka maʻi pāhū puaʻa 2009, i hopena ma lalo o 300,000 mau make a manaʻo ʻia he akahai. Kūpono ʻole kēia mau pandemics.
Influenza Avian: ʻO ka maʻi palū ʻo Avian , ʻike ʻike ʻole ʻia e like me ka maʻi palū a i ʻole ka maʻi palū manu , he ʻano maʻi influenza i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea ʻino i hoʻololi ʻia i nā manu. ʻO ke ʻano me ka makaʻu nui loa ʻo ia ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi pathogenic ( HPAI ). ʻAno like ka maʻi palū manu me ka maʻi puaʻa, ka maʻi ʻo ʻīlio, ka maʻi lio a me ka maʻi kanaka ma ke ʻano he maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi virus influenza i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi hoʻokipa kikoʻī. Mai loko mai o ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi influenza, ʻo ka maʻi influenza A he maʻi zoonotic me kahi wai kūlohelohe kokoke i nā manu. ʻO ka maʻi influenza Avian, no ka nui o nā kumu, pili i ka maʻi influenza A.
Ke ʻai ʻai manu nei ʻo Avian: ʻO ka ʻai ʻana ʻo Avian e pili ana i ka nui o nā hana a me nā ʻano e hōʻike ʻia e nā manu i kā lākou ʻimi no ka meaʻai. Ma waho aʻe o kā lākou hoʻololi kino ʻana i ke kino, aia i nā manu kahi laulā o nā ʻano hana i wehewehe ʻia i ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano mea ʻai o nā hui holoholona ʻē aʻe. Wahi a ka nohona e ʻimi nei, e ʻākoakoa ʻia paha nā manu i nā guild e ʻimi nei. Aia i loko o ka foraging ka nui o nā hana, e hoʻomaka me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, e hoʻohana ana i nā hiki ke ʻike, a e hoʻopili paha i hoʻokahi a ʻoi paha manu o kekahi a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano lāhui like ʻole. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia e ka locomotion a me nā neʻe e kiʻi a hopu i nā meaʻai, a ukali ʻia e ka hana a lawelawe ʻana paha i nā meaʻai ma mua o ka lawe ʻana. E like me nā meaola āpau e ʻimi ana i nā meaola e hoʻopili ana i ka ikehu i lilo a me ka ikehu i loaʻa. ʻO ka nui metabolic rate o nā manu, i waena o nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa i nā hui homoeotherm, keakea iā lākou e hōʻoia i ka waiwai maikaʻi o ka ikehu a alakaʻi i nā mea hoʻomohala evolusione e hoʻomohala i ka manaʻo no ka ʻai maikaʻi loa.
ʻO Macrorhabdus ornithogaster: ʻO Macrorhabdus ornithogaster , i ʻike ʻia e ka inoa maʻamau ʻo ka hū ʻōpū avian , kahi fungus maʻi i ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana digestive o nā manu, e hoʻoulu ana i nā pilikia olakino. ʻO ka mea ma mua i manaʻo ʻia he bacteria ia, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e lilo i hū.
Manu kolera: Na manu cholera ua i kapaia avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis, avian hemorrhagic septicemia.
Avihepadnavirus: ʻO Avihepadnavirus kahi genus o nā maʻi ʻino, ma ka ʻohana Hepadnaviridae . Mālama nā manu ma ke ʻano he hoʻokipa kūlohelohe. ʻEkolu ʻano ma kēia ʻano. ʻO nā maʻi e pili pū ana me kēia ʻano: hepatitis, carcomasomas hepatocellular, a me cirrhosis.
Maʻi o Marek: ʻO ka maʻi o Marek kahi maʻi neoplastic viral lele loa i nā moa. Ua kapa ʻia ka inoa ma hope o József Marek, kahi kauka holoholona Hunakalia nāna i wehewehe ia mea i ka makahiki 1907. ʻO ka maʻi o Marek i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi alphaherpesvirus i kapa ʻia ʻo "Marek's virus virus" (MDV) a i ʻole ʻo Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka maʻi e ke kū ʻana o ka lymphoma a me ke komo pū ʻana o nā aʻalolo a me nā ʻalalā e nā lymphocytes. ʻIke ʻia nā mea maʻi e pili ana iā MDV a maikaʻi a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā ʻano vaccine e pale aku ai i ka maʻi o Marek. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka herpesvirus e pili ana i loaʻa i nā kuhukukū (HVT), ʻaʻole kumu o ka maʻi i loko o nā manu, a hoʻomau ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia e like me kahi lāʻau lapaʻau no ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi o Marek.
ʻO Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1: ʻO Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) kekahi ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi i ke kauoha Herpesvirales , ka ʻohana Herpesviridae , ka ʻohana alpherpesvirinae , a me ka genus Iltovirus . ʻIke mua ʻia i nā moa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1926, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia maʻi i ka maʻi maʻi laryngotracheitis , he maʻi make, hoʻomake waiwai, ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā maʻi lele loa i ka nā manu moa. ʻO ka virus a me kāna maʻi e pili pū ana i pheasants.
Papa inoa o nā manuahi manu ʻO nā humanoids Avian kahi kumu maʻamau i nā moʻolelo moʻomeheu a me nā moʻolelo kaulana, ʻike nui ʻia ma ka Helene, Roman, Manipuri, Hindu, nā kaʻao Persian, a pēlā aku.
ʻŌnaehana pale ʻāina Avian: ʻO ka ʻōnaehana pale ʻōiwi ka ʻōnaehana o nā hanana olaola a me nā kaʻina hana kelepona e pale ai i nā manu mai ka maʻi.
Hoʻokomo hua: ʻO ka hoʻolauna ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana a kekahi mau holoholona oviparous (egg-laying) i nā hua; pili ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka embryo i loko o ka hua manu ma lalo o ke kūlana maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni. Pono nā kumu lehulehu a me nā ʻano like ʻole i ka incubation o nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole. I nā ʻano kope o ke kolo, no ka laʻana, ʻaʻole pono ka mahana paʻa, akā ʻo ka mahana maoli e hoʻoholo i ka lakio wahine o nā keiki. I nā manu i ka ʻokoʻa, hoʻoholo genetically ke ʻano o ka moekolohe o nā keiki, akā i nā ʻano he nui he pono mau ka mahana e pono ai no ka incubation kūleʻa. ʻOi loa i nā manu moa, ʻo ka hana o ka noho ʻana ma luna o nā hua e hoʻoulu ai iā lākou ua kapa ʻia ʻo brooding. ʻO ka hana a i ʻole ka lawena e noho ai ma kahi paʻa o nā hua manu i kapa ʻia hoʻi he broodiness, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano manu hoʻomoe manu hua moa i hana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e hoʻonui i ka hana.
ʻO ka maʻi maʻi maʻi Avian: ʻO ka maʻi maʻi maʻi Avian ( bronchitis ) ( IB ) kahi maʻi hanu koʻikoʻi a me ka maʻi lele loa o nā moa. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka maʻi e ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi (IBV), he coronavirus, a ʻike ʻia e nā ʻōuli hanu e like me ka hanu ʻana, ka ʻū, ka ʻū ʻana, nā rache tracheal, a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ihu. I nā moa ʻōpio, hiki i kahi pilikia hanu koʻikoʻi ke kū. I nā papa, pilikia hanu, nephritis, hoʻemi i ka hana hua, a me ka nalo ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka hua manu i loko a me waho.
Avian coronavirus: He ʻano maʻi ʻo Avian coronavirus mai ka genus Gammacoronavirus e hoʻopili i nā manu; mai ka 2018, nā gammacoronaviruse āpau e hoʻopili i nā manu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me kēia ʻano hoʻokahi. ʻO ke kanana o ka avian coronavirus i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he virus infectious bronchitis (IBV) ʻo ia wale nō ka coronavirus e hoʻopili i nā moa. Kuhi ia i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi, kahi maʻi lele loa e pili ana i ka hanu hanu, ʻōpū, nā puʻuwai a me nā ʻōnaehana hānau. Hoʻopili ka IBV i ka hana o nā moa hana a me nā moa hua manu a he kuleana no ka pohō nui o ka waiwai i loko o ka ʻoihana moa. ʻO ke kanana o ka avian coronavirus i hōʻike mua ʻia ma ke ʻano he Turkey coronavirus ke kumu o ka maʻi gastrointestinal i nā kuhukukū.
ʻO Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1: ʻO Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) kekahi ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi i ke kauoha Herpesvirales , ka ʻohana Herpesviridae , ka ʻohana alpherpesvirinae , a me ka genus Iltovirus . ʻIke mua ʻia i nā moa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1926, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia maʻi i ka maʻi maʻi laryngotracheitis , he maʻi make, hoʻomake waiwai, ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā maʻi lele loa i ka nā manu moa. ʻO ka virus a me kāna maʻi e pili pū ana i pheasants.
ʻO Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1: ʻO Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) kekahi ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi i ke kauoha Herpesvirales , ka ʻohana Herpesviridae , ka ʻohana alpherpesvirinae , a me ka genus Iltovirus . ʻIke mua ʻia i nā moa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1926, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia maʻi i ka maʻi maʻi laryngotracheitis , he maʻi make, hoʻomake waiwai, ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā maʻi lele loa i ka nā manu moa. ʻO ka virus a me kāna maʻi e pili pū ana i pheasants.
Influenza Avian: ʻO ka maʻi palū ʻo Avian , ʻike ʻike ʻole ʻia e like me ka maʻi palū a i ʻole ka maʻi palū manu , he ʻano maʻi influenza i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea ʻino i hoʻololi ʻia i nā manu. ʻO ke ʻano me ka makaʻu nui loa ʻo ia ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi pathogenic ( HPAI ). ʻAno like ka maʻi palū manu me ka maʻi puaʻa, ka maʻi ʻo ʻīlio, ka maʻi lio a me ka maʻi kanaka ma ke ʻano he maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi virus influenza i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi hoʻokipa kikoʻī. Mai loko mai o ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi influenza, ʻo ka maʻi influenza A he maʻi zoonotic me kahi wai kūlohelohe kokoke i nā manu. ʻO ka maʻi influenza Avian, no ka nui o nā kumu, pili i ka maʻi influenza A.
Influenza A subtype mea hoʻomaʻi H5N8: ʻO H5N8 kahi subtype o ka maʻi flu A a make loa i nā manu ʻāhiu a me nā manu moa. ʻAʻole pili ka H5N8 me nā kānaka; Eia nō naʻe, ua loaʻa he ʻehiku mau kānaka ma Rūsia i ka maʻi i 2021.
ʻO ka maʻi maʻi Avian i nā pōpoki: Hōʻike nā pōpoki me ka Avian Influenza i nā ʻōuli i hiki ke hopena i ka make. ʻO lākou kekahi o nā ʻano i hiki ke kiʻi ʻia ʻo Avian Influenza. ʻO ka maʻi virus i loaʻa iā lākou ʻo H5N1, kahi ʻano subtype o ka Avian Influenza. I mea e loaʻa ai ka maʻi, pono e hoʻopili nā pōpoki me ka moa wai, nā moa, a me nā moa i hoʻomoʻa ʻole ʻia i ʻike ʻia. ʻO nā ʻāpana nui ʻelua e hoʻopili ai ka maʻi i nā māmā a me ke ake.
Influenza A subtype mea hoʻomaʻi H5N1: ʻO Influenza A subtype virus ʻo H5N1 (A / H5N1) kahi subtype o ka maʻi influenza A i hiki ke hōʻeha i nā maʻi i nā kānaka a me nā ʻano holoholona ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi kānana i hoʻopili ʻia e ka manu o H5N1, i kapa ʻia ʻo HPAI A (H5N1) no ka maʻi maʻi maʻi lele maʻi pathogenic o ke ʻano A o ka subtype H5N1 , ʻo ia ka agusic causative pathogenic o ka maʻi H5N1, i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he maʻi lele avian. He enzootic ia i nā lehulehu manu, ʻoi loa ma ka Hikina Hema Asia. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia kahi kānana o HPAI A (H5N1) ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma hope o ka puka mua ʻana ma ʻAsia. He epizootic a me panzootic ia, e luku nei he ʻumi miliona mau manu a ke hoʻoulu nei i ka culling o nā haneli miliona o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e pale i ka hoʻolaha ʻana. ʻO nā kuhikuhi he nui i ka "flu manu" a me H5N1 i ka pāpāho kaulana e kuhikuhi i kēia kānana.
Influenza Avian: ʻO ka maʻi palū ʻo Avian , ʻike ʻike ʻole ʻia e like me ka maʻi palū a i ʻole ka maʻi palū manu , he ʻano maʻi influenza i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea ʻino i hoʻololi ʻia i nā manu. ʻO ke ʻano me ka makaʻu nui loa ʻo ia ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi pathogenic ( HPAI ). ʻAno like ka maʻi palū manu me ka maʻi puaʻa, ka maʻi ʻo ʻīlio, ka maʻi lio a me ka maʻi kanaka ma ke ʻano he maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi virus influenza i hoʻololi ʻia i kahi hoʻokipa kikoʻī. Mai loko mai o ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi influenza, ʻo ka maʻi influenza A he maʻi zoonotic me kahi wai kūlohelohe kokoke i nā manu. ʻO ka maʻi influenza Avian, no ka nui o nā kumu, pili i ka maʻi influenza A.
ʻIke manu: ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka wehewehe a ana ʻana i ka ʻike i nā holoholona kanaka ʻole e paʻakikī i ke kumuhana e aʻo ʻepekema i nā manu. Ma ka laulaha, he lolo nui ko nā manu i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ko lākou poʻo. Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻike a me nā loiloi i ka hapanui o nā laha, ʻoiai ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ke ʻano tactile a me nā olfactory i loko o kekahi mau pūʻulu. Kamaʻilio nā manu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hōʻailona ʻike a ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kāhea a me ke mele. No laila maʻamau ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka ʻike i nā manu ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā pane i nā mea stimulus sensory.
ʻO ka maʻi keratin Avian: ʻO ka maʻi keratin Avian ( AKD ) kahi maʻi e ulu nei i waena o nā manu hihiu ma ʻAkau ʻAmelika i hōʻike ʻia e ka ulu a me nā deformities o nā nuku. Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā hihia ma waena o nā moa ʻeleʻele i Alaska i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1990, a ua pālahalaha koke ia mai ia manawa. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kumu o ka AKD, akā ʻo Poecivirus paha ia, kahi ʻano virus hou e kū nei i loko o ka ʻohana Picornaviridae .
ʻO Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1: ʻO Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) kekahi ʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi i ke kauoha Herpesvirales , ka ʻohana Herpesviridae , ka ʻohana alpherpesvirinae , a me ka genus Iltovirus . ʻIke mua ʻia i nā moa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1926, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia maʻi i ka maʻi maʻi laryngotracheitis , he maʻi make, hoʻomake waiwai, ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā maʻi lele loa i ka nā manu moa. ʻO ka virus a me kāna maʻi e pili pū ana i pheasants.
Ka lāʻau make kēpau holoholona: ʻO ka lāʻau make kēpau kahi lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā maʻi pilikino i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā hoʻonui ʻia o nā kēpau metala kaumaha i ke kino o nā holoholona.
ʻO ka maʻi virus leukosis avian sarcoma: ʻO Avian sarcoma leukosis virus ( ASLV ) kahi retrovirus endogenous e hoʻopili a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā moa; hiki i ka hoʻokolohua ke hoʻopilikia i nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe a me nā māmala. Hoʻohālikelike ʻo ASLV i nā fibroblasts embryo moa, nā hunaola e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pūnaewele hoʻopili. Aia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka maʻi, e like me lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, a me osteopetrotic.
ʻO ka maʻi virus leukosis avian sarcoma: ʻO Avian sarcoma leukosis virus ( ASLV ) kahi retrovirus endogenous e hoʻopili a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā moa; hiki i ka hoʻokolohua ke hoʻopilikia i nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe a me nā māmala. Hoʻohālikelike ʻo ASLV i nā fibroblasts embryo moa, nā hunaola e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pūnaewele hoʻopili. Aia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka maʻi, e like me lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, a me osteopetrotic.
ʻO ka maʻi virus leukosis avian sarcoma: ʻO Avian sarcoma leukosis virus ( ASLV ) kahi retrovirus endogenous e hoʻopili a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā moa; hiki i ka hoʻokolohua ke hoʻopilikia i nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe a me nā māmala. Hoʻohālikelike ʻo ASLV i nā fibroblasts embryo moa, nā hunaola e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pūnaewele hoʻopili. Aia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka maʻi, e like me lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, a me osteopetrotic.
ʻO ka maʻi virus leukosis avian sarcoma: ʻO Avian sarcoma leukosis virus ( ASLV ) kahi retrovirus endogenous e hoʻopili a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā moa; hiki i ka hoʻokolohua ke hoʻopilikia i nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe a me nā māmala. Hoʻohālikelike ʻo ASLV i nā fibroblasts embryo moa, nā hunaola e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pūnaewele hoʻopili. Aia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka maʻi, e like me lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, a me osteopetrotic.
Lung: ʻO nā akemāmā nā ʻōnaehana mua o ka ʻōnaehana hanu i nā kānaka a me ka hapa nui o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe e pili ana i kekahi mau iʻa, a me kekahi mau nīʻau. I nā māmela a me nā vertebrates ʻē aʻe, aia nā māmā ʻelua ma kahi o ka iwi ʻaoʻao ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka puʻuwai. ʻO kā lākou hana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hanu e lawe i ka oxygen mai ka ea a hoʻoili iā ia i ke kahe o ke koko, a hoʻokuʻu i ke kalapona kalapona mai ke kahe o ke koko i ka lewa, i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi kinoea. Hoʻokele ʻia ka hanu e nā ʻōnaehana muscular ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana nā mamala, nā mea kolo a me nā manu i ko lākou mau mākala ʻokoʻa e kākoʻo a hānai i ka hanu. I nā tetrapods ma mua, ua kipaku ʻia ka ea i loko o nā akemāmā e nā mākala pharyngeal ma o ka pauma buccal, kahi ʻano i ʻike ʻia i nā amphibians. I nā kānaka, ʻo ka mākala nui o ka hanu e hoʻokuʻi i ka hanu ʻana ka diaphragm. Hāʻawi pū nā māmā i ke kahe o ka lewa e hana ai i nā leo leo me ke kamaʻilio kanaka hiki.
Maʻi o Marek: ʻO ka maʻi o Marek kahi maʻi neoplastic viral lele loa i nā moa. Ua kapa ʻia ka inoa ma hope o József Marek, kahi kauka holoholona Hunakalia nāna i wehewehe ia mea i ka makahiki 1907. ʻO ka maʻi o Marek i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi alphaherpesvirus i kapa ʻia ʻo "Marek's virus virus" (MDV) a i ʻole ʻo Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka maʻi e ke kū ʻana o ka lymphoma a me ke komo pū ʻana o nā aʻalolo a me nā ʻalalā e nā lymphocytes. ʻIke ʻia nā mea maʻi e pili ana iā MDV a maikaʻi a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā ʻano vaccine e pale aku ai i ka maʻi o Marek. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka herpesvirus e pili ana i loaʻa i nā kuhukukū (HVT), ʻaʻole kumu o ka maʻi i loko o nā manu, a hoʻomau ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia e like me kahi lāʻau lapaʻau no ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi o Marek.
Mākēneki: ʻO ka Magnetorecept kahi ʻano e ʻae ai i kahi meaola e ʻike i kahi māla magnet e ʻike i ke ʻaoʻao, ke kiʻekiʻe a me kahi paha. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano sensory e nā ʻano holoholona no ka ʻike a me ka hoʻokele, a ma ke ʻano he hana no nā holoholona e hoʻomohala i nā palapala ʻāina. I ka hoʻokele, pili ka magnetorecept i ka ʻike ʻana o ka honua Mākēneki.
Malaria Avian: ʻO ka malaria Avian kahi maʻi parasite o nā manu, i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻano parasite e pili ana i ka genera Plasmodium a me Hemoproteus . Lawe ʻia ka maʻi e ka dipteran vector me nā makika i ka hihia o Plasmodium parasites a e nahu ana i nā pali no Hemoproteus. He ākea loa ka laulā o nā ʻōuli a me nā hopena o ka parasite ma luna o nā mea hoʻokipa manu, mai nā hihia asymptomat a i ka heluna nui o ka lehulehu ma muli o ka maʻi, e like me ka hihia o nā waihona meli Hawaiʻi. Nui ka ʻokoʻa o nā parasites, no ka mea, ua koho ʻia aia ma kahi o nā parasite e like me nā ʻano o nā hoʻokipa. Ua kōkua nā kuhi a me nā hanana hoʻololi hoʻololi i ka laulā o nā pūʻali i hiki i kēia mau parasite ke lele, e lilo ana i ka maʻi malia avian i maʻi ākea ākea, i loaʻa ma nā wahi āpau koe ʻo Antarctica.
Avian metaavulavirus 2: ʻO Avian metaavulavirus 2 , ʻo Avian paramyxovirus 2 , he ʻano maʻi o ka ʻohana Paramyxoviridae a me ka genus Metaavulavirus . ʻO ka virus he maʻi maikaʻi RNA strand maikaʻi ʻole i loaʻa kahi genome monopartite. ʻO Avian metaavulavirus 2 kekahi o nā ʻano eiwa e pili ana i ka genus Metaavulavirus . ʻO ka serotype maʻamau o Avulavirinae ka serotype 1, ke kumu o ka maʻi Newcastle (ND). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Avian metaavulavirus 2 i kumu e loaʻa ai ka maʻi, kikoʻī pū kekahi i nā maʻi hanu i nā moa manuahi, e like me nā kuhukukū a me nā moa, a he nui nā hopena waiwai i ka hana hua manu a me nā manu moa. Ua hoʻokaʻawale mua ʻia ka maʻi mai kahi maʻi ma Yucaipa, Kaleponi i ka makahiki 1956. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaʻawale ʻē aʻe o ka maʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO Avian metapneumovirus: ʻO ka Avian metapneumovirus ( aMPV ), i ʻike ʻia ʻo turkey rhinotracheitis a i ʻole ke poʻo poʻo pehu, ke kumu o nā maʻi maʻi like ʻole i nā manu, e pili ana i nā ʻano manu a me nā ʻano virus.
Ka neʻe manu: ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka manu ka neʻe maʻamau o ke kau, ma ka ʻākau a ma ka hema ma ke ala lele, ma waena o nā wahi hoʻoulu a me nā wahi hoʻoilo. He nui nā ʻano manu e neʻe. Hāpai ka neʻe ʻana i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe i ka predation a me ka make ʻana, e like me ka hopu holoholona ʻana a nā kānaka, a hoʻokele nui ʻia e ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. Kū ka hapanui ia i ka hemisphere ʻākau, kahi e hoʻomoe ʻia ai nā manu i nā ala kikoʻī e nā pale kūlohelohe e like me ke kai Mediterranean a i ʻole ke Kai Caribbean.
Alpharetrovirus: ʻO Alpharetrovirus ka genus o ka ʻohana Retroviridae. He ʻano morphology C kona. Hiki i nā lālā ke hana i nā sarcomas, nā tumors ʻē aʻe, a me ka anemia o nā manu ʻāhiu a me nā manu kūloko a pili pū kekahi i nāʻiole.
Avastrovirus 2: ʻO Avastrovirus 2 , i kapa ʻia hoʻi he virus virus avian
ʻO ka maʻi Virulent Newcastle: ʻO ka maʻi Virulent Newcastle ( VND ), ka maʻi ʻo Newcastle exotic , he maʻi lele maʻi lele lele ia e hoʻopili ana i nā ʻano manu kūloko a manu hihiu hoʻi; hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia i nā kānaka. ʻOiai hiki iā ia ke hoʻopili i nā kānaka, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hihia ʻaʻole hōʻailona; kākaʻikahi ka mea hiki ke hoʻonā i kahi fiva māmā a me nā maʻi like influenza a me / a i ʻole conjunctivitis i nā kānaka. Hoʻomaopopo nui ʻia kona hopena i nā manu moa kūloko ma muli o ko lākou maʻalahi maʻalahi a me ka hiki no nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka epizootic ma nā ʻoihana moa. He hopena ia i nā ʻāina he nui. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kahi lapaʻau no VND, akā ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā lāʻau āpau prophylactic a me nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe e hoʻemi ai i ka likelika o nā laha.
Avian orthoreovirus: ʻO Avian orthoreovirus , i ʻike ʻia ʻo avian reovirus , kahi orthoreovirus mai ka ʻohana Reoviridae. ʻO ka maʻi maʻi ke kumu o ka arthritis a me ka tenosynovitis i nā manu moa. Hiki iā ia ke kumu i ka maʻi hanu.
Pallium ʻo Avian: I ka neuroanatomy o nā holoholona, ​​ʻo ka pallium avian ka telorsphalon dorsal o ka lolo o ka manu. ʻO ka subpallium ka telencephalon ventral.
Avulavirinae: He lālā ʻohana ʻo Avulavirinae o nā mea ʻino i loko o ka ʻohana Paramyxoviridae . Hoʻomaopopo like ʻia nā lālā o ka ʻohana ma lalo he avulaviruses. ʻO nā lālā āpau o ka ʻohana subfamily infect manu. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Avulavirinae ma ke ʻano he ʻano Avulavirus ma mua o ka hāpai ʻia ʻana i kahi ʻohana. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo avula mai "avian rubula", e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā rubulaviruses o ka subfamily Rubulavirinae ma muli o nā avulaviruse e hoʻopili wale nei i nā manu a me ka unuhi ʻana i ka protein V mai kahi transcript RNA i hoʻoponopono ʻia. ʻO ka avulavirus kaulana loa ka maʻi maʻi maʻi Newcastle, kahi kānana o Avian orthoavulavirus 1 .
Avian metaavulavirus 2: ʻO Avian metaavulavirus 2 , ʻo Avian paramyxovirus 2 , he ʻano maʻi o ka ʻohana Paramyxoviridae a me ka genus Metaavulavirus . ʻO ka virus he maʻi maikaʻi RNA strand maikaʻi ʻole i loaʻa kahi genome monopartite. ʻO Avian metaavulavirus 2 kekahi o nā ʻano eiwa e pili ana i ka genus Metaavulavirus . ʻO ka serotype maʻamau o Avulavirinae ka serotype 1, ke kumu o ka maʻi Newcastle (ND). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Avian metaavulavirus 2 i kumu e loaʻa ai ka maʻi, kikoʻī pū kekahi i nā maʻi hanu i nā moa manuahi, e like me nā kuhukukū a me nā moa, a he nui nā hopena waiwai i ka hana hua manu a me nā manu moa. Ua hoʻokaʻawale mua ʻia ka maʻi mai kahi maʻi ma Yucaipa, Kaleponi i ka makahiki 1956. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaʻawale ʻē aʻe o ka maʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
Avulavirinae: He lālā ʻohana ʻo Avulavirinae o nā mea ʻino i loko o ka ʻohana Paramyxoviridae . Hoʻomaopopo like ʻia nā lālā o ka ʻohana ma lalo he avulaviruses. ʻO nā lālā āpau o ka ʻohana subfamily infect manu. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Avulavirinae ma ke ʻano he ʻano Avulavirus ma mua o ka hāpai ʻia ʻana i kahi ʻohana. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo avula mai "avian rubula", e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā rubulaviruses o ka subfamily Rubulavirinae ma muli o nā avulaviruse e hoʻopili wale nei i nā manu a me ka unuhi ʻana i ka protein V mai kahi transcript RNA i hoʻoponopono ʻia. ʻO ka avulavirus kaulana loa ka maʻi maʻi maʻi Newcastle, kahi kānana o Avian orthoavulavirus 1 .
Avulavirinae: He lālā ʻohana ʻo Avulavirinae o nā mea ʻino i loko o ka ʻohana Paramyxoviridae . Hoʻomaopopo like ʻia nā lālā o ka ʻohana ma lalo he avulaviruses. ʻO nā lālā āpau o ka ʻohana subfamily infect manu. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Avulavirinae ma ke ʻano he ʻano Avulavirus ma mua o ka hāpai ʻia ʻana i kahi ʻohana. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo avula mai "avian rubula", e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā rubulaviruses o ka subfamily Rubulavirinae ma muli o nā avulaviruse e hoʻopili wale nei i nā manu a me ka unuhi ʻana i ka protein V mai kahi transcript RNA i hoʻoponopono ʻia. ʻO ka avulavirus kaulana loa ka maʻi maʻi maʻi Newcastle, kahi kānana o Avian orthoavulavirus 1 .
Avulavirinae: He lālā ʻohana ʻo Avulavirinae o nā mea ʻino i loko o ka ʻohana Paramyxoviridae . Hoʻomaopopo like ʻia nā lālā o ka ʻohana ma lalo he avulaviruses. ʻO nā lālā āpau o ka ʻohana subfamily infect manu. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Avulavirinae ma ke ʻano he ʻano Avulavirus ma mua o ka hāpai ʻia ʻana i kahi ʻohana. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo avula mai "avian rubula", e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā rubulaviruses o ka subfamily Rubulavirinae ma muli o nā avulaviruse e hoʻopili wale nei i nā manu a me ka unuhi ʻana i ka protein V mai kahi transcript RNA i hoʻoponopono ʻia. ʻO ka avulavirus kaulana loa ka maʻi maʻi maʻi Newcastle, kahi kānana o Avian orthoavulavirus 1 .
Avulavirinae: He lālā ʻohana ʻo Avulavirinae o nā mea ʻino i loko o ka ʻohana Paramyxoviridae . Hoʻomaopopo like ʻia nā lālā o ka ʻohana ma lalo he avulaviruses. ʻO nā lālā āpau o ka ʻohana subfamily infect manu. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Avulavirinae ma ke ʻano he ʻano Avulavirus ma mua o ka hāpai ʻia ʻana i kahi ʻohana. Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo avula mai "avian rubula", e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā rubulaviruses o ka subfamily Rubulavirinae ma muli o nā avulaviruse e hoʻopili wale nei i nā manu a me ka unuhi ʻana i ka protein V mai kahi transcript RNA i hoʻoponopono ʻia. ʻO ka avulavirus kaulana loa ka maʻi maʻi maʻi Newcastle, kahi kānana o Avian orthoavulavirus 1 .
Manu kolera: Na manu cholera ua i kapaia avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis, avian hemorrhagic septicemia.
Pest (meaola): ʻO kahi pest he holoholona a mea kanu paha e hoʻopōʻino i nā kānaka a i ʻole nā ​​hopohopo kanaka. Hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo no nā meaola e hōʻino ana i nā mea kanu, nā holoholona, ​​a me nā ululāʻau a i ʻole ke kumu e hoʻopilikia ai i ka poʻe, keu hoʻi i ko lākou mau home. Ua hoʻololi ke kanaka i ke kaiapuni no kā lākou pono ponoʻī a me ka hoʻomanawanui ʻole i nā mea ola ʻē aʻe e noho ana i ka wahi like ke pili ka hopena o kā lākou hana i nā pahuhopu kanaka. No laila, ʻaʻohe hiki i kahi elepani i kona wahi kūlohelohe akā he pest inā hehi ia i nā mea kanu.
ʻO Avian metapneumovirus: ʻO ka Avian metapneumovirus ( aMPV ), i ʻike ʻia ʻo turkey rhinotracheitis a i ʻole ke poʻo poʻo pehu, ke kumu o nā maʻi maʻi like ʻole i nā manu, e pili ana i nā ʻano manu a me nā ʻano virus.
ʻO Ornithophily: ʻO Ornithophily a i ʻole pollination manu ka pollination o nā pua pua e nā manu. Loaʻa kēia hui coevolutionary i kekahi manawa mai ka pollination insect (entomophily) a hoʻomohala pono ʻia i kekahi mau wahi o ka honua, keu hoʻi i nā tropika, ʻApelika Hema, a ma kekahi mau pae moku. Hoʻopili ka hui i kekahi mau mea kanu mea kanu kū hoʻokahi e hana ana i kahi "pollination syndrome". ʻO nā mea kanu i nā waihoʻoluʻu, ʻulaʻula pinepine, pua me nā kūkulu tubular lōʻihi e paʻa ana i ka nectar nui a me nā hoʻonohonoho o nā stamen a me stigma e hōʻoia i ka pilina me ka pollinator. Pili nā manu e pili ana i ka ornithophily i nectarivores loea me nā alelo palaki a me nā bila lōʻihi, hiki iā lākou ke lele i ka lele a i ʻole māmā e kau i nā hale pua.
Avipoxvirus: ʻO Avipoxvirus kahi genus o nā virus ma waena o ka ʻohana Poxviridae . ʻO Poxviridae ka ʻohana o nā mea ʻino nāna i hoʻokumu i nā mea maʻi i loaʻa i nā poxes ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona. ʻO ka Poxviruses he genome nui nui, a me nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu a me ka monkeypox. Hoʻopili nā lālā o ka genus Avipoxvirus i nā manu. ʻAʻole hiki i nā Avipoxvirus ke hoʻopau i kā lākou pōʻaiapuni replication i nā ʻanoʻano non-avian. ʻOiai ka lohi o ka pālahalaha ʻana, ʻike ʻia ʻo Avipoxvirus e hoʻokumu i nā ʻōuli e like me nā pustules i piha i ka pā e uhi ana i ka ʻili a me nā hōʻailona like diphtheria. ʻO kēia mau ʻōuli e like me nā diphtheria e hoʻopili ʻia me nā membrane nerotic dipitheric e uhi ana i ka waha a me ka hanu hanu luna. E like me nā virus avian ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia ma o nā mikolika me ka mīkini e like me ma o nā makika. ʻAʻohe mea hōʻike e hiki i kēia virus ke hoʻopili i nā kānaka.
Manu: ʻO nā manu kahi pūʻulu o nā vertebrates koko pumehana e hoʻokumu ana i ka papa Aves , ʻano e ka hulu, nā nuku nuku ʻole, ka waiho ʻana o nā hua manu paʻa, kahi helu metabolic kiʻekiʻe, kahi puʻuwai ʻehā keʻena, a me kahi iwi iwi ikaika a māmā naʻe. Noho nā manu ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a kau i ka nui mai ka 5.5 cm (2.2 in) bee hummingbird a i ka 2.8 m ostrich. Aia ma kahi o ʻumi kaukani mau ʻano ola, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ia mau mea he passerine, a i ʻole nā ​​manu "perching". He mau ʻeheu ko nā manu kahi e loli ka ulu ʻana e like me nā laha; ʻo nā pūʻulu ʻike wale ʻia me ka ʻole o nā ʻeheu ka moa pau a me nā manu ʻelepa. ʻO nā ʻēheu, ka mea i ulu aʻe mai nā forelimbs, i hāʻawi i nā manu i ka hiki ke lele, ʻoiai ua alakaʻi ka evolution i ka nalowale o kekahi lele, e like me nā ratite, nā penguins, a me nā ʻano mokupuni like ʻole. Hoʻohui kūlike ʻia nā ʻōnaehana digestive a me nā ʻōpū o nā manu no ka lele ʻana. ʻO kekahi ʻano manu o nā wahi kai, ʻo nā kai kai a me kekahi mau manu ʻulu, ua ulu hou aʻe no ka ʻauʻau ʻana.
Hoʻonui ākea Avian: Hōʻike ka hoʻonui ākea Avian i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā manu i ko lākou wahi noho. Ma muli o nā hana a ka poʻe manu manu, ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau hoʻonui ākea.
Avian orthoreovirus: ʻO Avian orthoreovirus , i ʻike ʻia ʻo avian reovirus , kahi orthoreovirus mai ka ʻohana Reoviridae. ʻO ka maʻi maʻi ke kumu o ka arthritis a me ka tenosynovitis i nā manu moa. Hiki iā ia ke kumu i ka maʻi hanu.
Avian orthoreovirus: ʻO Avian orthoreovirus , i ʻike ʻia ʻo avian reovirus , kahi orthoreovirus mai ka ʻohana Reoviridae. ʻO ka maʻi maʻi ke kumu o ka arthritis a me ka tenosynovitis i nā manu moa. Hiki iā ia ke kumu i ka maʻi hanu.
Manu: ʻO nā manu kahi pūʻulu o nā vertebrates koko pumehana e hoʻokumu ana i ka papa Aves , ʻano e ka hulu, nā nuku nuku ʻole, ka waiho ʻana o nā hua manu paʻa, kahi helu metabolic kiʻekiʻe, kahi puʻuwai ʻehā keʻena, a me kahi iwi iwi ikaika a māmā naʻe. Noho nā manu ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a kau i ka nui mai ka 5.5 cm (2.2 in) bee hummingbird a i ka 2.8 m ostrich. Aia ma kahi o ʻumi kaukani mau ʻano ola, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ia mau mea he passerine, a i ʻole nā ​​manu "perching". He mau ʻeheu ko nā manu kahi e loli ka ulu ʻana e like me nā laha; ʻo nā pūʻulu ʻike wale ʻia me ka ʻole o nā ʻeheu ka moa pau a me nā manu ʻelepa. ʻO nā ʻēheu, ka mea i ulu aʻe mai nā forelimbs, i hāʻawi i nā manu i ka hiki ke lele, ʻoiai ua alakaʻi ka evolution i ka nalowale o kekahi lele, e like me nā ratite, nā penguins, a me nā ʻano mokupuni like ʻole. Hoʻohui kūlike ʻia nā ʻōnaehana digestive a me nā ʻōpū o nā manu no ka lele ʻana. ʻO kekahi ʻano manu o nā wahi kai, ʻo nā kai kai a me kekahi mau manu ʻulu, ua ulu hou aʻe no ka ʻauʻau ʻana.
Anatomi manu: ʻO ka anatomy manu , a i ʻole ke ʻano physiological o nā kino o nā manu, hōʻike i nā hoʻohālikelike kū hoʻokahi, ʻo ka hapanui ke kōkua lele. He ʻōnaehana iwi māmā ko nā manu a he māmā akā he musculature ikaika ka mea, a me nā ʻōnaehana holoholo a me nā hanu hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o nā uku metabolic a me ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka oxygen, e ʻae i ka manu e lele. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi nuku ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka ulu ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana digestive i kāwili ʻia.
Anatomi manu: ʻO ka anatomy manu , a i ʻole ke ʻano physiological o nā kino o nā manu, hōʻike i nā hoʻohālikelike kū hoʻokahi, ʻo ka hapanui ke kōkua lele. He ʻōnaehana iwi māmā ko nā manu a he māmā akā he musculature ikaika ka mea, a me nā ʻōnaehana holoholo a me nā hanu hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o nā uku metabolic a me ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka oxygen, e ʻae i ka manu e lele. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi nuku ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka ulu ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana digestive i kāwili ʻia.
ʻO ka maʻi virus leukosis avian sarcoma: ʻO Avian sarcoma leukosis virus ( ASLV ) kahi retrovirus endogenous e hoʻopili a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi ʻaʻai i nā moa; hiki i ka hoʻokolohua ke hoʻopilikia i nā ʻano manu ʻē aʻe a me nā māmala. Hoʻohālikelike ʻo ASLV i nā fibroblasts embryo moa, nā hunaola e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pūnaewele hoʻopili. Aia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka maʻi, e like me lymphoblastic, erythroblastic, a me osteopetrotic.
Scoter: ʻO nā scoters he kai seyucks ma ka moʻomeheu Melanitta . ʻEleʻele ka hapa nui o nā drakes a pehu nā pila. ʻEleʻele nā ​​wahine. Loaʻa ka inoa genus mai ka Greek Greek melas "ʻeleʻele" a me netta "duck".
Anatomi manu: ʻO ka anatomy manu , a i ʻole ke ʻano physiological o nā kino o nā manu, hōʻike i nā hoʻohālikelike kū hoʻokahi, ʻo ka hapanui ke kōkua lele. He ʻōnaehana iwi māmā ko nā manu a he māmā akā he musculature ikaika ka mea, a me nā ʻōnaehana holoholo a me nā hanu hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o nā uku metabolic a me ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka oxygen, e ʻae i ka manu e lele. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi nuku ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka ulu ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana digestive i kāwili ʻia.
Hiamoe ʻo Avian: I nā manu, hiamoe nā "wā o ka pani ʻana o ka maka i hoʻopau ʻia e nā wā pōkole o ka wehe ʻana o ka maka." I loko o nā wā pōkole o ka wehe maka, electroencephalographic (EEG) haʻawina hōʻike i ka hiamoe mau o nā manu; kūlike ka pae uila ma ka lolo. Hoʻihoʻi nā manu i kā lākou mau paepae hoʻonāukiuki i ka wā hiamoe. I loko o kā lākou wā pōkole maka, hiki i nā manu hiamoe ke hoʻoneʻe ʻaneʻane i ka wā e hoʻoweliweli ʻia e kahi mea ʻino. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano Avian e kaukaʻi i ka nui o ka ʻohana a me ke kiʻekiʻe no ka makaʻala predatory. Ma waena o ka hiamoe ʻana a me ka hiamoe ʻana o ka pūʻulu, hiki i kēia mau hoʻomalu ke ʻoluʻolu a palekana hoʻi i ka hiamoe.
Ke kaʻina Supracondylar o ka humerus: ʻO ke kaʻina supracondylar o ka humerus kahi ʻano bony ʻokoʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao anteromedial o ka iwi luna o luna (humerus), ma kahi o 5-6 cm ma luna o ka epicondyle medial. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia i lalo, i mua a ma waena e kuhikuhi ana i ka epicondyle medial. Hiki i kahi hui fibrous, Struthers ligament, ke hoʻohui i kēia kaʻina hana i ka epicondyle medial. Loaʻa ka laha o kēia ʻano he 0.68% a ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne.
ʻO Argas persicus: ʻO Argas persicus , i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka tick fowl a i ʻole ka moa moa , kahi kikiki palupalu i ʻike ʻia ma nā manu kūloko e like me nā moa, nā pālū, a me nā geese. Ua hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia e Lorenz Oken ma 1818 ma Mianeh, Peresia, a kapa ʻia ʻo Rhynochoprion persicum .
ʻO Avian Vacuolar myelinopathy: ʻO Avian Vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) kahi maʻi neurological make e hoʻopili i nā waterbirds a me nā raptors. He mea maʻamau ia i ka ʻaeto ʻōhule a me nā kapa amerika, a ʻike ʻia ia i ka killdeer, bufflehead, shoveler ʻākau, wigeon ʻAmelika, Canada goose, pueo pepeiaohao nui, mallard, a me ka ʻāʻī ʻāʻī. ʻO Avian Vacuolar myelinopathy kahi maʻi hou i ʻike ʻia i ʻike ʻia ma ke kula i ka makahiki 1994 i ka wā i loaʻa ai nā ʻaeto ʻōhule make kokoke i DeGray Lake ma Arkansas i United States. Mai ia manawa, ua pālahalaha ʻia i ʻehā mau mokuʻāina hou a komo i loko o nā ʻōnaehana wai he nui me nā waihona wai he 10. ʻO ke kumu o ka make he mau leona ma ka lolo a me ka iwi kuamoo. ʻO kahi neurotoxin i kapa ʻia ʻo aetokthonotoxin i hana ʻia e cyanobacteria ke kumu o ka maʻi.
Kauka holoholona Avian: ʻO kahi kauka holoholona avian he mea lapaʻau nāna i loea i ka mālama manu ʻana. All veterinarians, ma luna o ka palapala mua palapala mai ka hooiaio veterinary koleke, e mālama i kekahi laha '. Koi ʻia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou aʻe no ka hiki ke lilo i loea i ʻike ʻia i ka mālama manu ʻana.
ʻIke manu: ʻO ka hihiʻo ke ʻano nui loa o nā manu, ʻoiai he mea nui ka maka maka maikaʻi no ka lele palekana. Loaʻa i nā manu he mau adaptation e hāʻawi i ka acuity ʻike ma mua o nā hui vertebrate ʻē aʻe; ua wehewehe ʻia kahi nūnū ma ke ʻano he "ʻelua mau maka me nā ʻēheu". He poʻe mamo paha nā manu o nā dinosaurs theropod, like ka maka manu me nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe, me nā mākala ciliary i hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o nā aniani me ka ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā māmela. Nui nā maka o nā manu e pili ana i ko lākou nui i ke aupuni holoholona, ​​a no laila ua kaupalena ʻia ka neʻe ʻana i loko o ka iwi o ka maka. Ma waho aʻe o nā kuʻemaka ʻelua i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma vertebrates, pale ʻia ia e kahi ʻekolu membrane Movable Movable. ʻO ka anatomy kūloko o ka maka e like me nā vertebrates ʻē aʻe, akā he hanana kona, ka pecten oculi, kū hoʻokahi i nā manu.
Aviana Airways: E nānā paha ʻo Aviana Airways : ʻO Royal Bengal Airlines, ka inoa kālepa no Aviana Airways Ltd (Bangladesh) ʻO Inter Island Airways, kahi lālā o Aviana Airways i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Nevada
Mokupuni Mokupuni Mokupuni: He mokulele mokulele ʻāina ʻo Inter Island Airways i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Pago Pago, American Samoa. Hana ʻo Inter Island Airways i nā mokulele a me nā moku lawe ukana ma waena a ma waena o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, Samoa Kūʻokoʻa a i nā ʻāina moku ʻāina Pākīpika kokoke. ʻO kāna kumu nui o ka hana ma Pago Pago International Airport.
ʻO Giana Aviana: ʻO nā gens Aviana he ʻohana Roma kahiko. ʻIʻike nui ʻia lākou mai nā leka a Cicero, kahi hoaaloha o Gaius Avianus Flaccus, i ka kenekulia mua BC. Aia kekahi mea kākau o Fables ma kēia inoa, i noho ma kahi o AD 400, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike maopopo ʻia pili lākou.
Avianca: He mokulele ʻo Colombian ʻo Avianca SA . ʻO ia ka mea lawe hae o Colombia mai 5 Kekemapa 1919, i ka manawa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ai ma lalo o ka inoa SCADTA. Aia ke keʻena nui ma Bogotá, DC me kona hub nui ma El Dorado International Airport. ʻO Avianca ka moku hae o kahi hui o ʻewalu mau hui mokulele ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nona nā hana i hoʻohui ʻia e hana ma ke ʻano he mokulele e hoʻohana ana i kahi ʻōnaehana codesharing. ʻO Avianca ka mokulele nui ma Colombia a ʻo ka lua ma Latin America, ma hope o LATAM o Chile. ʻO Avianca a me nā lālā ona ka pūnaewele ʻoi loa o nā wahi i Latin America. Ma mua o ka hui ʻana me TACA i ka makahiki 2010, nona ponoʻī e Synergy Group SA, kahi hui paʻa ʻAmelika Hema i hoʻokumu ʻia e Germán Efromovich a hana loea i ka lawe ea. Ua helu ʻia ma ka Colombia Stock Exchange.
Avianca: He mokulele ʻo Colombian ʻo Avianca SA . ʻO ia ka mea lawe hae o Colombia mai 5 Kekemapa 1919, i ka manawa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ai ma lalo o ka inoa SCADTA. Aia ke keʻena nui ma Bogotá, DC me kona hub nui ma El Dorado International Airport. ʻO Avianca ka moku hae o kahi hui o ʻewalu mau hui mokulele ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nona nā hana i hoʻohui ʻia e hana ma ke ʻano he mokulele e hoʻohana ana i kahi ʻōnaehana codesharing. ʻO Avianca ka mokulele nui ma Colombia a ʻo ka lua ma Latin America, ma hope o LATAM o Chile. ʻO Avianca a me nā lālā ona ka pūnaewele ʻoi loa o nā wahi i Latin America. Ma mua o ka hui ʻana me TACA i ka makahiki 2010, nona ponoʻī e Synergy Group SA, kahi hui paʻa ʻAmelika Hema i hoʻokumu ʻia e Germán Efromovich a hana loea i ka lawe ea. Ua helu ʻia ma ka Colombia Stock Exchange.
Avianca: He mokulele ʻo Colombian ʻo Avianca SA . ʻO ia ka mea lawe hae o Colombia mai 5 Kekemapa 1919, i ka manawa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ai ma lalo o ka inoa SCADTA. Aia ke keʻena nui ma Bogotá, DC me kona hub nui ma El Dorado International Airport. ʻO Avianca ka moku hae o kahi hui o ʻewalu mau hui mokulele ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nona nā hana i hoʻohui ʻia e hana ma ke ʻano he mokulele e hoʻohana ana i kahi ʻōnaehana codesharing. ʻO Avianca ka mokulele nui ma Colombia a ʻo ka lua ma Latin America, ma hope o LATAM o Chile. ʻO Avianca a me nā lālā ona ka pūnaewele ʻoi loa o nā wahi i Latin America. Ma mua o ka hui ʻana me TACA i ka makahiki 2010, nona ponoʻī e Synergy Group SA, kahi hui paʻa ʻAmelika Hema i hoʻokumu ʻia e Germán Efromovich a hana loea i ka lawe ea. Ua helu ʻia ma ka Colombia Stock Exchange.
Avianca: He mokulele ʻo Colombian ʻo Avianca SA . ʻO ia ka mea lawe hae o Colombia mai 5 Kekemapa 1919, i ka manawa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ai ma lalo o ka inoa SCADTA. Aia ke keʻena nui ma Bogotá, DC me kona hub nui ma El Dorado International Airport. ʻO Avianca ka moku hae o kahi hui o ʻewalu mau hui mokulele ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nona nā hana i hoʻohui ʻia e hana ma ke ʻano he mokulele e hoʻohana ana i kahi ʻōnaehana codesharing. ʻO Avianca ka mokulele nui ma Colombia a ʻo ka lua ma Latin America, ma hope o LATAM o Chile. ʻO Avianca a me nā lālā ona ka pūnaewele ʻoi loa o nā wahi i Latin America. Ma mua o ka hui ʻana me TACA i ka makahiki 2010, nona ponoʻī e Synergy Group SA, kahi hui paʻa ʻAmelika Hema i hoʻokumu ʻia e Germán Efromovich a hana loea i ka lawe ea. Ua helu ʻia ma ka Colombia Stock Exchange.
Avianca: He mokulele ʻo Colombian ʻo Avianca SA . ʻO ia ka mea lawe hae o Colombia mai 5 Kekemapa 1919, i ka manawa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ai ma lalo o ka inoa SCADTA. Aia ke keʻena nui ma Bogotá, DC me kona hub nui ma El Dorado International Airport. ʻO Avianca ka moku hae o kahi hui o ʻewalu mau hui mokulele ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nona nā hana i hoʻohui ʻia e hana ma ke ʻano he mokulele e hoʻohana ana i kahi ʻōnaehana codesharing. ʻO Avianca ka mokulele nui ma Colombia a ʻo ka lua ma Latin America, ma hope o LATAM o Chile. ʻO Avianca a me nā lālā ona ka pūnaewele ʻoi loa o nā wahi i Latin America. Ma mua o ka hui ʻana me TACA i ka makahiki 2010, nona ponoʻī e Synergy Group SA, kahi hui paʻa ʻAmelika Hema i hoʻokumu ʻia e Germán Efromovich a hana loea i ka lawe ea. Ua helu ʻia ma ka Colombia Stock Exchange.
Avianca: He mokulele ʻo Colombian ʻo Avianca SA . ʻO ia ka mea lawe hae o Colombia mai 5 Kekemapa 1919, i ka manawa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ai ma lalo o ka inoa SCADTA. Aia ke keʻena nui ma Bogotá, DC me kona hub nui ma El Dorado International Airport. ʻO Avianca ka moku hae o kahi hui o ʻewalu mau hui mokulele ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nona nā hana i hoʻohui ʻia e hana ma ke ʻano he mokulele e hoʻohana ana i kahi ʻōnaehana codesharing. ʻO Avianca ka mokulele nui ma Colombia a ʻo ka lua ma Latin America, ma hope o LATAM o Chile. ʻO Avianca a me nā lālā ona ka pūnaewele ʻoi loa o nā wahi i Latin America. Ma mua o ka hui ʻana me TACA i ka makahiki 2010, nona ponoʻī e Synergy Group SA, kahi hui paʻa ʻAmelika Hema i hoʻokumu ʻia e Germán Efromovich a hana loea i ka lawe ea. Ua helu ʻia ma ka Colombia Stock Exchange.
Avianca: He mokulele ʻo Colombian ʻo Avianca SA . ʻO ia ka mea lawe hae o Colombia mai 5 Kekemapa 1919, i ka manawa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ai ma lalo o ka inoa SCADTA. Aia ke keʻena nui ma Bogotá, DC me kona hub nui ma El Dorado International Airport. ʻO Avianca ka moku hae o kahi hui o ʻewalu mau hui mokulele ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nona nā hana i hoʻohui ʻia e hana ma ke ʻano he mokulele e hoʻohana ana i kahi ʻōnaehana codesharing. ʻO Avianca ka mokulele nui ma Colombia a ʻo ka lua ma Latin America, ma hope o LATAM o Chile. ʻO Avianca a me nā lālā ona ka pūnaewele ʻoi loa o nā wahi i Latin America. Ma mua o ka hui ʻana me TACA i ka makahiki 2010, nona ponoʻī e Synergy Group SA, kahi hui paʻa ʻAmelika Hema i hoʻokumu ʻia e Germán Efromovich a hana loea i ka lawe ea. Ua helu ʻia ma ka Colombia Stock Exchange.
ʻO Avianca Holdings: ʻO Avianca Holdings SA kahi hui mokulele mokulele multinational Latin American multicational pan me kona keʻena i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Panama City, Panama, a me kona keʻena nui ma Bogotá, Colombia. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma Pepeluali 2010 ma hope o ka ʻaelike hoʻohui like ma waena o Avianca a me TACA Airlines, nā moku lawe hae o Colombia a me El Salvador, i ka manawa i lilo ai ʻo Avianca a me TACA i mau lālā nona nā Avianca Holdings. Hāʻawi ʻia nā mea kuleana ʻo TACA Airlines 29% a hāʻawi ʻia nā mea kuleana ʻo Avianca Airlines 71% o nā ʻāpana i ka ʻoihana hou.