Averaged Lagrangian, Man Seeking Woman, Turin Brakes

ʻO Averaged Lagrangian: I nā mekanika hoʻomau, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hana maʻamau a Whitham ʻo Lagrangian - a i ʻole ma ke ʻano pōkole o ke ʻano o Whitham - i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ka moʻomeheu Lagrangian o nā nalu nalu e hoʻololi mālie i loko o kahi medium inhomogeneous (neʻe). Pili kēia ʻano i nā ʻōnaehana linear a me nā laina laina ʻole. Ma ke ʻano he hopena pololei o ka averaging i hoʻohana ʻia i ke ʻano, he hana mālama ʻia ka hana nalu o ka neʻe nalu. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻole pono e mālama ʻia ka ikehu nalu, ma muli o ka hoʻololi o ka ikehu me ka neʻe maʻamau. Eia nō naʻe ka nui o ka ikehu, ka huina o nā ikehu i ka neʻe nalu a me ke neʻe maʻamau, e mālama ʻia no kahi Lagrangian invariant manawa. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka awelika Lagrangian he pilina ikaika i ka pilina hoʻolahalaha o ka ʻōnaehana.
Keʻimi nei i kahi wahine: ʻO Man Seeking Woman kahi moʻo kīwī comedy ʻoniʻoni surrealist ʻAmelika i hoʻolele ʻia no ʻekolu mau kau ma FXX mai Ianuali 14, 2015, a hiki i Malaki 8, 2017. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia moʻo ma Kikako, e pili ana i kahi kāne naif a palupalu i kāna mau makahiki 20 nona ka inoa ʻo Josh. ʻO Greenberg, ka mea i loaʻa iā ia iho i nā ʻano surreal a kūpilikiʻi ʻoiai e hoʻāʻo nei e loaʻa ke aloha.
Pākuʻi Turin: ʻO Turin Brakes kahi hui ʻEnelani, e hui ana me ka duo ʻelua o Olly Knights a me Gale Paridjanian, a me nā mea hana lōʻihi ʻo Rob Allum lāua ʻo Eddie Myer. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi mea kiʻekiʻe 5 UK ma 2003 me kā lākou mele "Painkiller". Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka makahiki 1999, ua kūʻai aku ka pāʻina a puni hoʻokahi miliona mau moʻolelo ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ua kau inoa ʻia lākou i kēia manawa iā Cooking Vinyl.
Nā kikowaena no nā lawelawe Medicare & Medicaid: ʻO nā Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ( CMS ), he keʻena pekelala ia ma waena o ka United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) e lawelawe ana i ka papahana Medicare a hana pū me nā aupuni mokuʻāina e lawelawe iā Medicaid, ka Polokalamu ʻInikua Olakino Kamaliʻi ( CHIP), a me nā pae lawe ʻike ʻinikua olakino. Ma waho aʻe o kēia mau papahana, he kuleana ʻē aʻe kā CMS, e like me nā pae hoʻomaʻalahi hoʻokele mai ka Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), nā kūlana maikaʻi ma nā keʻena mālama wā lōʻihi ma o kāna ana ʻana a me ke kaʻina hana hōʻoia, nā kūlana maikaʻi o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua kino ma lalo o ʻo ka Clinical Laboratory hoʻomaikaʻi hoʻomaikaʻi, a me ka nānā ʻana o HealthCare.gov.CMS ma mua i kapa ʻia ʻo Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) a hiki i 2001.
Ka manawa komo hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo ʻana: I ka ʻepekema lolouila, ʻo ka manawa maʻamau ke komo ʻana o ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana ( AMAT ) kahi metric maʻamau e kālailai i ka hana ʻōnaehana hoʻomanaʻo paʻa kamepiula.
ʻIke kuikahi: I ke kumumanaʻo kūpono a me ke kumumanaʻo ʻike, ʻo ka ʻike pili ( MI ) o ʻelua mau loli maʻamau ke ana o ka hilinaʻi like ma waena o nā loli ʻelua. ʻOi aku ka kikoʻī, helu ia i ka "nui o ka ʻike" i loaʻa e pili ana i kahi loli lōkahi e ka nānā ʻana i ka loli lōkahi ʻē aʻe. Pili pili ka manaʻo o ka ʻike pili i ka entropy o kahi ʻano lōkahi, kahi manaʻo nui i ka ʻikepili ʻike e helu ana i ka "nui o ka ʻike" i manaʻo ʻia e paʻa ana i kahi loli.
Ka lōʻihi o ke ala maʻamau: ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ala maʻamau kahi manaʻo i ka topology pūnaewele i wehewehe ʻia e like me ka helu awelika o nā ʻanuʻu ma nā ala pōkole loa no nā hui āpau o nā kikowaena pūnaewele. ʻO ke ana o ka pono o ka ʻike a i ʻole ka lawe lehulehu ʻana ma kahi pūnaewele.
Kālā lawe uku no kēlā me kēia bit: ʻO ke kumukūʻai uku lawe per -bit , a i ʻole ʻo APBDC, ke ʻano helu moʻohelu kālā e lawelawe ai nā mea lawelawe pūnaewele (ISP) i kā lākou kumukūʻai o nā waiwai i kūʻai ʻia.
Nā Pipe o ka Maluhia: ʻO Pipe of Peace ka ʻehā o nā studio studio na ka mea mele Pelekane ʻo Paul McCartney, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka makahiki 1983. Ma ke ʻano he ukali i ka Tug of War kaulana, ua hoʻokokoke loa ka album i ke kūlike me ka kūleʻa o ke kūleʻa o kāna mea i hele mua ma Pelekane akā ua piʻi wale i luna. ma ka helu 15 ma ka pakuhi pepa ʻAmelika ʻo Billboard 200 . ʻOiai ʻo Pipe o ka Maluhia ke kumu o nā mea kuʻikuʻi e like me "Say Say Say" a me ke ala inoa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pane koʻikoʻi i ka album ma mua o ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia iā Tug of War .
Nā hana loiloi (kiʻi hou ʻana i ka ʻike): Hoʻohana ʻia nā ana loiloi no kahi ʻōnaehana kiʻi ʻike e loiloi i ka hopena o nā hopena o ka ʻimi a ka mea hoʻohana. Hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia kēlā mau metika i nā ʻano: nānā nā ana pūnaewele i ka launa pū ʻana o nā mea hoʻohana me ka ʻōnaehana huli, ʻoiai e ana ana nā ana offline i ka pilina, i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe pehea paha e hopena ai kēlā me kēia hopena, a me nā ʻaoʻao hopena ʻenekini huli (SERP). nā pono ʻike o ka mea hoʻohana.
Ka propensity awelika e hoʻopau: ʻO ka propensity awelika e ʻai ai (a me ke aniani palena ʻole e hoʻopau ai) kahi manaʻo i hoʻomohala ʻia e John Maynard Keynes e kālailai i ka hana ʻoi aku, kahi ʻano hana kahi o nā lilo lilo (C) o kahi ʻohana i ka hoʻohana kūʻokoʻa (C a ) a loaʻa kālā (Y) hoʻonui ʻia e ka palena palena palena ʻole e hoʻopau. Wahi a Keynes, ʻo ka loaʻa kālā maoli o kēlā me kēia mea e hoʻoholo ai i nā hoʻoholo mālama a me nā ʻai ʻana.
ʻO ka propensity awelika e mālama: I ka hoʻokele waiwai Keynesian, ʻo ka awelika propensity e mālama (APS) , i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka lakio mālama kālā , ʻo ia ka mahele o ka loaʻa kālā i mālama ʻia, i hōʻike mau ʻia no ka mālama kālā ʻana o ka home ma ke ʻāpana o ka huina kālā hoʻolilo ʻohana āpau.
Loaʻa kālā no kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohana: ʻO ka loaʻa kālā maʻamau no kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohana ( ARPU ), i kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he loaʻa kālā no kēlā me kēia anakahi , kahi ana i hoʻohana mua ʻia e nā kamaʻilio mea kūʻai aku, nā pāpaho uila, a me nā hui pūnaewele, i wehewehe ʻia e like me ka huina kālā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka helu o nā mea kau inoa.
Loaʻa kālā no kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohana: ʻO ka loaʻa kālā maʻamau no kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohana ( ARPU ), i kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he loaʻa kālā no kēlā me kēia anakahi , kahi ana i hoʻohana mua ʻia e nā kamaʻilio mea kūʻai aku, nā pāpaho uila, a me nā hui pūnaewele, i wehewehe ʻia e like me ka huina kālā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka helu o nā mea kau inoa.
Roller Rock N 'awelika: ʻO Average Rock 'n' Roller ka ʻelima a ʻo ka hope studio studio no ka pāʻālani pōhaku ʻo Australian Buffalo, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 1976 a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma 1977 ma ka lepili Vertigo. Ua hōʻano hou ʻia ka pāʻina a ua hoʻopuka hou ʻia i Kēkēmapa 2006 e ka papa inoa mele ʻAukekulia ʻO Aztec Music ma CD me nā mele hou aʻe - nā mele leo na ka leo leo ʻo Dave Tice, i hoʻokuʻu mua ʻia ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi ma 1976.
Ka hana holo 'awelika holo' awelika: ʻO ke kaʻina holo awelika (ARR) he hana makemakika i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻomaulia i ka helu pahuhopu no ke kime e hoʻokūkū ʻelua ana i ka hoʻokūkū cricket palena palena nui ʻia e ka wā a i ʻole nā ​​hanana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā pāʻani e nā anilā i nā lā mālama, nā kīʻaha kīwaha, a i ʻole replay i kekahi lā ʻē aʻe, akā inā ʻaʻole i ʻae nā loiloi i kēia mau mea, e hoʻohana ʻia ka hana ARR.
Kumukūʻai kūʻai aku: ʻO ke kumukūʻai kūʻai maʻamau ( ASP ) o nā huahana a i ʻole nā ​​mea kūʻai ke kumu kūʻai maʻamau i kūʻai ʻia ai kekahi huahana a huahana paha ma nā kahawai a i ʻole nā ​​mākeke. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka huaʻōlelo i ka mahele kūʻai a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻenehana. I ka ʻoihana hoʻokipa, ua kapa ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he lumi helu awelika a me ka helu maʻamau o kēlā me kēia lā.
Ka Papa Kuhikuhi Loaʻa Loaʻa lawelawe: ʻO ka Index Service Ability Index (ASAI) kahi helu hilinaʻi e hoʻohana mau ʻia e nā pono uila. Hoʻomaulia ʻia ʻo ASAI
SPECS (wikiwiki wikiwiki): ʻO SPECS kahi wikiwiki wikiwiki e ana ana i ka ʻōnaehana kamera wikiwiki i hoʻolauna ʻia i ka makahiki 1999. ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻōnaehana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻokō palena palena wikiwiki i United Kingdom.
Moʻolelo mahana mahana: Hōʻike ka moʻolelo wela honua i nā fluctuations o ka mahana o ka lewa a me nā moana ma o nā manawa like ʻole o ka manawa. Aia ka ʻike kikoʻī loa mai ka makahiki 1850, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā moʻolelo thermometer-metical methodical. Nui nā kuhi o nā mahana mai ka hopena o ka Pleistocene glaciation, keu hoʻi i ka wā o Holocene e kū nei. Ke aʻo ʻia nei nā wā kahiko e ka paleoclimatology.
Laulā maoli awelika: ʻO ke awelika ʻoi loa ( ATR ) kahi hōʻike loiloi loiloi volatility i hoʻokumu mua ʻia e J. Welles Wilder, Jr. no nā mea kūʻai aku. Ke anakahi Aʻole ole i ka PAaIEN o ke kumukuai au, wale i ka degere o ke kumukuai volatility.The awelika oiaio huahelu mea he N-manawa i Keʻei o neʻe awelika (SMMA) o ka oiaio huahelu loina. Ua paipai ʻo Wilder i kahi hoʻomālama 14 mau makahiki.
Ka palena maʻamau a me ka huina utilitarianism: ʻO ka averite a me ka huina utilitarianism he ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka utilitarianism e ʻimi e hoʻonui i ka awelika a i ʻole ka nui o ka pono; ma hope o kā Henry Sidgwick nīnau, "ʻO ka hauʻoli piha a awelika paha a mākou e ʻimi nei e hoʻonui?". ʻO lākou nā kumumanaʻo o ka moʻomeheu heluna kanaka, kahi kahua akeakamai e pili ana i nā pilikia e kupu mai ana ke pili ka hana i ka helu a i ʻole ka ʻike o kēlā me kēia kanaka i hānau ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻO Sredny Vasyugan: He wahi kaiāulu ʻo Sredny Vasyugan ma ka moku ʻo Kargasoksky o Tomsk Oblast, Lūkia, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka muliwai ʻo Vasyugan kokoke i kona hui me ka Varinegan, a me 220 kilomita (140 mi) mai Kargasok, ke kikowaena hoʻomalu o ka moku. Heluna kanaka: 1,622. Palapala helu: 636733.
Nā uku loaʻa ma kēlā me kēia pule: I ke Aupuni Hui Pū ʻia a me ʻAukekulia, ʻo ka Average Weekly Earnings (AWE) ke alakaʻi alakaʻi o nā hoʻololi pōkole o nā loaʻa kālā. Ma UK, ua hoʻololi i ka Index Loaʻa Loaʻa (Average ʻIke ʻIke) (AEI) ma ke ʻano he ana kēpau o ka loaʻa kālā pōkole i Ianuali 2010.
Wā Keʻokeʻo Keʻokeʻo: ʻO ka White White Band kahi pīkī Scottish a me ka pā R & B i loaʻa kahi ʻano o ka ʻuhane a me nā mele hoʻokuʻi ma waena o 1974 a me 1980. Kaulana nui lākou no kā lākou mele kani miliona "kūʻai aku i nā ʻāpana", a me kā lākou mau puke AWB a ʻokiʻoki i ka Kaka ʻO Bonnie Bramlett ka inoa o ka inoa o ka band. Ua hoʻohuli lākou i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, e like me Brand New Heavies, a ua laʻana ʻia e nā mea hoʻokani mele like ʻole, e like me ka Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, TLC, The Beatnuts, Short Short, Ice Cube, Eric B. & Rakim, Nas, A Tribe Called Quest , ʻO Christina Milian, a me ka Hopena hopu ʻia, e hoʻolilo ana iā lākou i ka hana ʻāpana 15th loa i ka mōʻaukala. A ʻo 2020, 48 mau makahiki ma hope o ko lākou hoʻokumu ʻana, hoʻomau lākou i ka hana.
Wā Keʻokeʻo Keʻokeʻo: ʻO ka White White Band kahi pīkī Scottish a me ka pā R & B i loaʻa kahi ʻano o ka ʻuhane a me nā mele hoʻokuʻi ma waena o 1974 a me 1980. Kaulana nui lākou no kā lākou mele kani miliona "kūʻai aku i nā ʻāpana", a me kā lākou mau puke AWB a ʻokiʻoki i ka Kaka ʻO Bonnie Bramlett ka inoa o ka inoa o ka band. Ua hoʻohuli lākou i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, e like me Brand New Heavies, a ua laʻana ʻia e nā mea hoʻokani mele like ʻole, e like me ka Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, TLC, The Beatnuts, Short Short, Ice Cube, Eric B. & Rakim, Nas, A Tribe Called Quest , ʻO Christina Milian, a me ka Hopena hopu ʻia, e hoʻolilo ana iā lākou i ka hana ʻāpana 15th loa i ka mōʻaukala. A ʻo 2020, 48 mau makahiki ma hope o ko lākou hoʻokumu ʻana, hoʻomau lākou i ka hana.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai kūʻai nui: Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ke kumukūʻai kūʻai nui awelike ( AWP ) kahi huaʻōlelo lāʻau e kuhikuhi ana i ke kumukūʻai awelika no nā lāʻau i hāʻawi ʻia ma ka pae nui. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka metric e hōʻike i ka ʻike kumu kūʻai maoli i ka poʻe uku ʻaoʻao ʻekolu, e like me nā papahana lāʻau hoʻomalu lāʻau a ke aupuni. Ua paʻi nā mea paʻi kalepa o ka ʻikepili kumukūʻai lāʻau e like me Red Book i ka ʻikepili AWP mai ka manawa ma kahi o 1970. ʻO ka ʻike kumu kūʻai e "hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻikepili i loaʻa mai nā mea hana, nā mea hāʻawi, a me nā mea hoʻolako ʻē aʻe." Eia nō naʻe, me ke kumu o ka ʻikepili, hoʻolaha pinepine ʻia nā AWP e 20% e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai mākeke maoli a i ʻole ke kumu kūʻai kūʻai nui no nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Ka Waihona ʻōpio ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (1921): ʻO ke kāne ʻōpio ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa , i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he kanaka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka ʻAmelika ʻAmelika , he kiʻi plaster 22-inch i kālai ʻia i ka makahiki 1921 na Jane Davenport Harris ma ke ʻano he hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālike no ka neʻe ʻana o ka eugenics ma United States. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi ma ka ʻĀha a me ke kolu o nā International Congresses o Eugenics ma 1921 a me 1932, ma ke ʻano he hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo eugenicists ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka lāhui keʻokeʻo. ʻOiai ua loaʻa i kēia kiʻi nā pane kāwili ʻia mai ka poʻe loiloi o kēia au, ua hōʻeuʻeu ia i ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi hoʻohui like ʻia e like me ka hoʻolaha ʻana no ka neʻe ʻana o ka eugenics ma waena o ke kenekulia iwakālua.
Ka hoʻohālikelike paʻa loa: ʻO ke kaulike kaulike ( AAD ) o ka ʻikepili hoʻonohonoho ka awelika o nā deviations loa mai kahi kiko waena. He helu helu hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka hoʻopuehu helu ʻana a i ʻole ka loli. I ke ʻano laulā, hiki i ke kiko waena ke lilo i mean, median, mode, a i ʻole ka hopena o nā ana ʻē aʻe o ka tendency waena a i ʻole kekahi waiwai kūmole e pili ana i ka ʻikepili i hāʻawi ʻia. Pākuʻi ʻia ʻo AAD i ke ʻano o ka haʻaheo paʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻololi kūwaena waena .
Hoʻi moʻohelu moʻohelu awelika: ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi helu moʻokāki ( AAR ) ka loaʻa kālā hana ma hope o ka ʻauhau a me ka hoʻēmi kālā, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka awelika puke waiwai o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā i kona wā e ola ana. Nui a hewahewa nā wehewehe ʻana o ka AAR. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi ʻano a i ʻole ʻē aʻe, wehewehe mau ʻia ka AAR ma ke ʻano he: Kekahi ana o ka loaʻa helu awelika awelika i mahele ʻia e kekahi ana o ka awelika waiwai helu. ʻO ka wehewehe kikoʻī a mākou e hoʻohana ai: ʻO ka loaʻa kālā net i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka awelika puke waiwai. He ʻano lula hoʻoholo e ʻae a hōʻole paha i ka papahana kālā. No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kēia mau papahana waiwai, pono ka helu cutoff. ʻO kēia pālākiō ke ʻano o ka lā palena pau inā hana kēia papahana i ka loaʻa kālā a i ʻole ka nalowale net.
ʻInikua kai: Uhi ka ʻinikua moana i ka pohō a i ʻole pohō o nā moku, nā ukana, nā terminals, a me nā lawe e lawe ʻia ai ka waiwai, loaʻa, a i ʻole mālama ʻia ma waena o nā kiko o ke kumu a me ka hopena hope. ʻO ka ʻinikua ukana ka lālā lālā o ka ʻinikua kai, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻinikua moana pū kekahi me Onshore a me Offshore i hōʻike ʻia i ka waiwai ,, Hull, Marine casualty, a me ke kuleana kai. Ke lawe ʻia nā waiwai e ka leka uila a i ʻole ka ʻelele, hoʻohana ʻinikua hoʻouna ʻia ma kahi.
Papa inoa o nā ʻāina ma ka makahiki waena: ʻO kēia ʻatikala kahi papa inoa o nā ʻāina ma ka makahiki waena .
Makahiki makuahine holomua: ʻO ka makahiki makuahine mua , i ka laulā, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka wahine i ʻelemakule makahiki i kahi manawa o ka hānau hou ʻana, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau wehewehe ʻana o ka makahiki kikoʻī a me ke kaʻina o ka hana hou. ʻO ka loli i nā wehewehe i kahi ʻāpana i wehewehe ʻia e nā hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā makahiki e like me ka hoʻomau ʻana ma mua o ka hopena o ka paepae.
Ka awelika a ʻoi aku: ʻO ka awelika a ʻoi aku , hoʻopōkole pinepine ʻia ʻo A&O, pili i nā helu helu baseball ʻelua i hoʻohana ʻia i nā makahiki 1850 a me 1860 e ka National Association of Base Ball players. Ua kuhikuhi lākou i ka hana maʻamau a ka mea pāʻani ma mua o kekahi mau pāʻani, a aia ma waena o nā helu helu baseball mua loa i hōʻike a ʻimi ʻia. Ua hōʻaiʻē ʻia ka huaʻōlelo a me ke ʻano hōʻike i ka cricket.
Ka awelika a ʻoi aku: ʻO ka awelika a ʻoi aku , hoʻopōkole pinepine ʻia ʻo A&O, pili i nā helu helu baseball ʻelua i hoʻohana ʻia i nā makahiki 1850 a me 1860 e ka National Association of Base Ball players. Ua kuhikuhi lākou i ka hana maʻamau a ka mea pāʻani ma mua o kekahi mau pāʻani, a aia ma waena o nā helu helu baseball mua loa i hōʻike a ʻimi ʻia. Ua hōʻaiʻē ʻia ka huaʻōlelo a me ke ʻano hōʻike i ka cricket.
Ka awelika a ʻoi aku: ʻO ka awelika a ʻoi aku , hoʻopōkole pinepine ʻia ʻo A&O, pili i nā helu helu baseball ʻelua i hoʻohana ʻia i nā makahiki 1850 a me 1860 e ka National Association of Base Ball players. Ua kuhikuhi lākou i ka hana maʻamau a ka mea pāʻani ma mua o kekahi mau pāʻani, a aia ma waena o nā helu helu baseball mua loa i hōʻike a ʻimi ʻia. Ua hōʻaiʻē ʻia ka huaʻōlelo a me ke ʻano hōʻike i ka cricket.
Ka awelika a ʻoi aku: ʻO ka awelika a ʻoi aku , hoʻopōkole pinepine ʻia ʻo A&O, pili i nā helu helu baseball ʻelua i hoʻohana ʻia i nā makahiki 1850 a me 1860 e ka National Association of Base Ball players. Ua kuhikuhi lākou i ka hana maʻamau a ka mea pāʻani ma mua o kekahi mau pāʻani, a aia ma waena o nā helu helu baseball mua loa i hōʻike a ʻimi ʻia. Ua hōʻaiʻē ʻia ka huaʻōlelo a me ke ʻano hōʻike i ka cricket.
Ka awelika a ʻoi aku: ʻO ka awelika a ʻoi aku , hoʻopōkole pinepine ʻia ʻo A&O, pili i nā helu helu baseball ʻelua i hoʻohana ʻia i nā makahiki 1850 a me 1860 e ka National Association of Base Ball players. Ua kuhikuhi lākou i ka hana maʻamau a ka mea pāʻani ma mua o kekahi mau pāʻani, a aia ma waena o nā helu helu baseball mua loa i hōʻike a ʻimi ʻia. Ua hōʻaiʻē ʻia ka huaʻōlelo a me ke ʻano hōʻike i ka cricket.
Ka awelika a ʻoi aku: ʻO ka awelika a ʻoi aku , hoʻopōkole pinepine ʻia ʻo A&O, pili i nā helu helu baseball ʻelua i hoʻohana ʻia i nā makahiki 1850 a me 1860 e ka National Association of Base Ball players. Ua kuhikuhi lākou i ka hana maʻamau a ka mea pāʻani ma mua o kekahi mau pāʻani, a aia ma waena o nā helu helu baseball mua loa i hōʻike a ʻimi ʻia. Ua hōʻaiʻē ʻia ka huaʻōlelo a me ke ʻano hōʻike i ka cricket.
Ka palena maʻamau a me ka huina utilitarianism: ʻO ka averite a me ka huina utilitarianism he ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka utilitarianism e ʻimi e hoʻonui i ka awelika a i ʻole ka nui o ka pono; ma hope o kā Henry Sidgwick nīnau, "ʻO ka hauʻoli piha a awelika paha a mākou e ʻimi nei e hoʻonui?". ʻO lākou nā kumumanaʻo o ka moʻomeheu heluna kanaka, kahi kahua akeakamai e pili ana i nā pilikia e kupu mai ana ke pili ka hana i ka helu a i ʻole ka ʻike o kēlā me kēia kanaka i hānau ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau o ke kalepa o kēlā me kēia lā: ʻO ke kaulike maʻamau o nā kaʻa i kēlā me kēia lā , i hoʻopōkole ʻia ʻo AADT , kahi ana i hoʻohana mua ʻia i ka hoʻolālā halihali, nā ʻenekini halihali a me nā koho wahi kūʻai. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ia ka nui o nā kaʻa kaʻa o ke alaloa a i ʻole ke alanui no hoʻokahi makahiki i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā lā 365. He maʻalahi ʻo AADT, akā pono, ana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ala.
Ka aniau: ʻO ke aniau ke ʻano lōʻihi o ke aniau i kahi, i awelika ʻia ma kahi o 30 mau makahiki. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī, ʻo ia ke kumu a me ka loli o nā loli meteorological ma kahi manawa e lōʻihi ana mai nā mahina a i nā miliona o nā makahiki. ʻO kekahi o nā lauwili meteorological i ana maʻamau ʻia ka mahana, ka wela, kaomi o ka lewa, ka makani, a me ka ua. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻo ke aniau ka mokuʻāina o nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana aniau, e pili ana ka moana, ka ʻāina, a me ka hau ma ka Honua. Hoʻopili ʻia ke aniau o kekahi wahi e kona latitude / longitude, terrain, a me kona kiʻekiʻe, a me nā kino wai kokoke a me ko lākou mau kahawai.
Mahana wela: ʻO ke ana wela o ke ana wela o ke ana wela o ka lewa o ka Honua. Mālama ʻia ia e nā kumu he nui, e komo pū ana me ka pāhawewe ʻana o ka lā, ka wela a me ke kiʻekiʻe. Ke kūkākūkā ʻana i ka mahana o ka lewa, ʻo ka pae o ka mahana o ka lewa i kēlā me kēia wahi kaiapuni e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka biome, e ana ʻia e ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ke aniau Köppen.
ʻĀtoma nuʻu hui: ʻO ka nui ʻātoma ʻāpana a i ʻole ke kaupaona ʻātoma kahi nui o ke kino nui ʻole i wehewehe ʻia e like me ka lakio o ka awelika nuipaʻa o nā ʻoma i loko o kahi hāpana i hāʻawi ʻia i ka paʻa o ka atika. Ke'ātoma nuipa a eia i ua hoakakaia e like me he 1/12 o ka ahakanaka o ke kalapona-12'Ātoma. No ka nui o nā nui i ka lakio he nui, ʻaʻohe dimension ka hopena; no laila ua ʻōlelo ʻia pili ka waiwai .
Bitrate kaulike: ʻO ke kaulike bitrate ( ABR ) pili i ka awelika o ka ʻikepili i hoʻoili ʻia i kēlā me kēia anakahi o ka manawa, ana pinepine ʻia i kēlā me kēia kekona, maʻamau no nā mele uila a wikiō paha. ʻO kahi faila MP3, ʻo kahi laʻana, he awelika o ka helu o 128 kbit / s hoʻoili, ma ka awelika, 128,000 mau ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia kekona. Hiki iā ia ke loaʻa nā bitrate kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻāpana bitrate haʻahaʻa, a loaʻa ka bitrate awelika no kekahi manawa manawa i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka manawa o ka manawa e ka helu o nā kekona i ka manawa. ʻAʻole hilinaʻi ʻia ʻo Bitrate ma ke ʻano he kū kaʻawale o ke ʻano leo / wikiō, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana kaomi ʻana e hoʻohana i nā bitrates haʻahaʻa e encode i nā mea ma kahi ʻano like.
Bitrate kaulike: ʻO ke kaulike bitrate ( ABR ) pili i ka awelika o ka ʻikepili i hoʻoili ʻia i kēlā me kēia anakahi o ka manawa, ana pinepine ʻia i kēlā me kēia kekona, maʻamau no nā mele uila a wikiō paha. ʻO kahi faila MP3, ʻo kahi laʻana, he awelika o ka helu o 128 kbit / s hoʻoili, ma ka awelika, 128,000 mau ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia kekona. Hiki iā ia ke loaʻa nā bitrate kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻāpana bitrate haʻahaʻa, a loaʻa ka bitrate awelika no kekahi manawa manawa i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka manawa o ka manawa e ka helu o nā kekona i ka manawa. ʻAʻole hilinaʻi ʻia ʻo Bitrate ma ke ʻano he kū kaʻawale o ke ʻano leo / wikiō, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana kaomi ʻana e hoʻohana i nā bitrates haʻahaʻa e encode i nā mea ma kahi ʻano like.
Ka lōʻihi o ke kāhea ʻana: Ka awelika kapa lōʻihi like 'ole (ACD) o ke ana i loko o kele'ōlelo i Hōʻike' ka awelika loa o ke kelepona 'pū i hiki ma luna o kelekaʻaʻike latike.
ʻO ka hihia maikaʻi loa, ʻoi loa a me awelika: I ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi , ʻoi loa , a me ka awelika nā hihia o kahi algorithm i hāʻawi ʻia e hōʻike i ka mea o ka hoʻohana waiwai ma ka liʻiliʻi , ma ka hapa nui a ma ka awelika . ʻO ka maʻa mau ka mea e noʻonoʻo ʻia nei ke holo nei ka manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka paʻakikī o ka manawa, akā hiki ke hoʻomanaʻo ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hihia ʻoi loa ka hana e hana ai i ka palena iki o nā ʻanuʻu ma ka ʻikepili hoʻokomo o nā n element. ʻO ka hihia ʻoi loa ka hana e hana ana i ka helu keu o nā ʻanuʻu ma ka ʻikepili hoʻokomo o ka nui n. ʻO ka hihia maʻamau ka hana e hana ai i ka helu awelika o nā ʻanuʻu ma ka ʻikepili hoʻokomo o nā n element.
ʻO ka hihia maikaʻi loa, ʻoi loa a me awelika: I ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi , ʻoi loa , a me ka awelika nā hihia o kahi algorithm i hāʻawi ʻia e hōʻike i ka mea o ka hoʻohana waiwai ma ka liʻiliʻi , ma ka hapa nui a ma ka awelika . ʻO ka maʻa mau ka mea e noʻonoʻo ʻia nei ke holo nei ka manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka paʻakikī o ka manawa, akā hiki ke hoʻomanaʻo ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hihia ʻoi loa ka hana e hana ai i ka palena iki o nā ʻanuʻu ma ka ʻikepili hoʻokomo o nā n element. ʻO ka hihia ʻoi loa ka hana e hana ana i ka helu keu o nā ʻanuʻu ma ka ʻikepili hoʻokomo o ka nui n. ʻO ka hihia maʻamau ka hana e hana ai i ka helu awelika o nā ʻanuʻu ma ka ʻikepili hoʻokomo o nā n element.
Ka paʻakikī paʻakikī hihia: I ke kumumanaʻo paʻakikī paʻakikī, ʻo ka paʻakikī paʻakikī hihia o kahi algorithm ka nui o kekahi kumuwaiwai computational i hoʻohana ʻia e ka algorithm, averages ʻia ma luna o nā hoʻokomo i hiki. Hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia me ka paʻakikī ʻoi loa-hihia e manaʻo nei i ka paʻakikī maximal o ka algorithm ma luna o nā hiki āpau.
Ka paʻakikī paʻakikī hihia: I ke kumumanaʻo paʻakikī paʻakikī, ʻo ka paʻakikī paʻakikī hihia o kahi algorithm ka nui o kekahi kumuwaiwai computational i hoʻohana ʻia e ka algorithm, averages ʻia ma luna o nā hoʻokomo i hiki. Hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia me ka paʻakikī ʻoi loa-hihia e manaʻo nei i ka paʻakikī maximal o ka algorithm ma luna o nā hiki āpau.
Lākiō hāmeʻe hiki ke loaʻa: Loaʻa i ka Ratio Wāweʻe Loaʻa a i ʻole Ratio Turnover Ratio kahi ana helu helu i hoʻohana ʻia e ana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hōʻaiʻē a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻaiʻē. ʻO ka lakio hāmeʻe loaʻa ka lākiō hana, e ana ana pehea ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana o kahi paʻa i kāna waiwai.
Kālā kumukūʻai: I ka hoʻokele waiwai, ʻo ke kumukūʻai maʻamau a i ʻole ke kumu kūʻai kumukūʻai e like ia me ka nui o ke kumukūʻai (TC) i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka helu o nā anakahi o kahi maikaʻi i hana ʻia.
Hana kumu kūʻai awelika: Ma lalo o ka ' awelika uku hana ' , ua manaʻo ʻia ke kumu kūʻai o ka papa helu waiwai e pili ana i ke kumukūʻai maʻamau o nā waiwai i loaʻa no ke kūʻai aku i loko o kēia wā.
ʻO ke kumu kūʻai kumukūʻai maʻamau: ʻO ke kumu kūʻai kumu kūʻai maʻamau kekahi o nā ala e hoʻoponopono ai ke aupuni i kahi mākeke monopoli. Hoʻokumu nā Monopolist e hana i ka mea liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka nui kūpono e hoʻokau nei i nā kumukūʻai. Hiki i ke aupuni ke hoʻohana i nā kumu kūʻai kumukūʻai maʻamau ma ke ʻano he mea hana e hoʻoponopono ai i nā kumukūʻai e uku ai nā monopolists.
Hana kumu kūʻai awelika: Ma lalo o ka ' awelika uku hana ' , ua manaʻo ʻia ke kumu kūʻai o ka papa helu waiwai e pili ana i ke kumukūʻai maʻamau o nā waiwai i loaʻa no ke kūʻai aku i loko o kēia wā.
Kālā kumukūʻai: I ka hoʻokele waiwai, ʻo ke kumukūʻai maʻamau a i ʻole ke kumu kūʻai kumukūʻai e like ia me ka nui o ke kumukūʻai (TC) i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka helu o nā anakahi o kahi maikaʻi i hana ʻia.
Helu kea maʻamau: I ke kumuhana makemakika o ke knot theory, ʻo ka helu kaulike kaulona o kahi knot ka hopena o ke averaging ma luna o nā kuhikuhi āpau i ka helu o nā keʻa i loko o kahi knot diagram o ka knot i loaʻa ma ka wānana ʻana ma ka mokulele orthogonal i ke kuhikuhi. ʻIke pinepine ʻia ka helu keʻa waena i ka pōʻaiapili o ka manaʻo knot physical.
Kūʻai kanaka: ʻO ka poʻe counter kahi mea uila i hoʻohana ʻia e ana i ka helu o ka poʻe e hele ana i kahi ala a puka paha. ʻO nā laʻana e laʻa me nā kaomi lima maʻalahi, nā ʻenehana papa hele akamai, nā kaola infrared, ʻōnaehana kiʻi hoʻomehana, nā mea hoʻokele WiFi a me nā helu wikiō e hoʻohana ana i nā algorithms aʻo mīkini kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana mau ʻia ia e nā hale kūʻai kūʻai e hoʻokolokolo ai i ka pono o nā hoʻolaha kūʻai, kūkulu ʻana i ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, a me ke kaulana o kekahi mau mana.
Ka awelika o ka nui o kēlā me kēia lā: ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o kēlā me kēia lā ( ADQ ), like ia me nā World Health Organisations i wehewehe ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā, akā ua hoʻololi ʻia e hōʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka lāʻau i ʻEnelani.
Ka helu awelika o kēlā me kēia lā: ʻO ka awelika o kēlā me kēia lā helu kahi helu helu i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka hale hoʻokipa. Hōʻike ka helu i ka loaʻa kālā hoʻolimalima no kēlā me kēia lumi i uku ʻia i loko o kahi manawa i hāʻawi ʻia. ʻO ADR me ka noho o ka waiwai nā kumu no ka hana kālā o ka waiwai.
ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau o ke kalepa o kēlā me kēia lā: ʻO ke kaulike maʻamau o nā kaʻa i kēlā me kēia lā , i hoʻopōkole ʻia ʻo AADT , kahi ana i hoʻohana mua ʻia i ka hoʻolālā halihali, nā ʻenekini halihali a me nā koho wahi kūʻai. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ia ka nui o nā kaʻa kaʻa o ke alaloa a i ʻole ke alanui no hoʻokahi makahiki i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā lā 365. He maʻalahi ʻo AADT, akā pono, ana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ala.
Ka aniau: ʻO ke aniau ke ʻano lōʻihi o ke aniau i kahi, i awelika ʻia ma kahi o 30 mau makahiki. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī, ʻo ia ke kumu a me ka loli o nā loli meteorological ma kahi manawa e lōʻihi ana mai nā mahina a i nā miliona o nā makahiki. ʻO kekahi o nā lauwili meteorological i ana maʻamau ʻia ka mahana, ka wela, kaomi o ka lewa, ka makani, a me ka ua. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻo ke aniau ka mokuʻāina o nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana aniau, e pili ana ka moana, ka ʻāina, a me ka hau ma ka Honua. Hoʻopili ʻia ke aniau o kekahi wahi e kona latitude / longitude, terrain, a me kona kiʻekiʻe, a me nā kino wai kokoke a me ko lākou mau kahawai.
Kēkelē o polymerization: ʻO ke kekelē o ka polymerization , a i ʻole DP , ka helu o nā anakahi monomeric i kahi macromolecule a i ʻole polymer a i ʻole mole mole oligomer.
Kēkelē o polymerization: ʻO ke kekelē o ka polymerization , a i ʻole DP , ka helu o nā anakahi monomeric i kahi macromolecule a i ʻole polymer a i ʻole mole mole oligomer.
Ka nui: ʻO ka mānoanoa , o kahi mea waiwai kona nui no ka nui o ke anakahi. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hōʻailona no ka mānoanoa ρ , ʻoiai e hiki ke hoʻohana pū ʻia ka leka latina D. Makemakika, wehewehe ʻia ka mānoanoa e like me ka nui i māhele ʻia e ka nui:	ʻO ka mānoanoa , o kahi mea waiwai kona nui no ka nui o ke anakahi. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hōʻailona no ka mānoanoa ρ , ʻoiai e hiki ke hoʻohana pū ʻia ka leka latina D. Makemakika, wehewehe ʻia ka mānoanoa e like me ka nui i māhele ʻia e ka nui:
Hewa ʻokoʻa: Hiki ke kuhikuhi i ka hoʻololi ʻokoʻa i:
Ka papa kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao awelika: Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka awelika o ka neʻe kuhikuhi kuhikuhi ( ADX ) ma ka makahiki 1978 e J. Welles Wilder ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka ikaika i loko o ke kaʻina o nā kumukūʻai o kahi mea pono kālā. Ua lilo ʻo ADX i mea hoʻohana ākea no nā loiloi loea, a hāʻawi ʻia ma ke ʻano he maʻaina i nā hōʻiliʻili o nā hōʻailona i hāʻawi ʻia e nā pae kālepa like ʻole.
Ka papa kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao awelika: Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka awelika o ka neʻe kuhikuhi kuhikuhi ( ADX ) ma ka makahiki 1978 e J. Welles Wilder ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka ikaika i loko o ke kaʻina o nā kumukūʻai o kahi mea pono kālā. Ua lilo ʻo ADX i mea hoʻohana ākea no nā loiloi loea, a hāʻawi ʻia ma ke ʻano he maʻaina i nā hōʻiliʻili o nā hōʻailona i hāʻawi ʻia e nā pae kālepa like ʻole.
ʻO nā koʻi semi-nui a me nā semi-minor: I ke geometry, ʻo ke axis nui o kahi ellipse kāna anawaena lōʻihi loa: kahi ʻāpana laina e kahe ana ma waena o ke kikowaena a me nā kikowaena ʻelua, me nā wēlau ma nā kiko kaawale loa o ka anapuni. ʻO ka axis semi-major ka semidiameter lōʻihi loa a i ʻole ka hapalua o ke axis nui, a pēlā e holo ai mai ke kikowaena, ma o ka nānā, a i ke anapuni. ʻO ka axis semi-minor o kahi ellipse a i ʻole hyperbola kahi ʻāpana laina ma nā kihi kūpono me ka axis semi-major a aia hoʻokahi hopena ma ke kiko waena o ka ʻāpana conic. No ka hihia kūikawā o kahi pōʻai, ua like nā lōʻihi o nā koina semi-axes me ka radius o ka pōʻai.
Ka mamao Lunar (astronomy): ʻO ka Honua – Moon mamao loa , a i ʻole ka mamao i ka Moon , ʻo ia ka mamao mai ke kikowaena o ka Honua a i ke kikowaena o ka Moon. ʻO ka mamao Lunar , a ʻo ka Honua – Moon ka mamao o ke ʻano , kahi anakahi o ke ana ʻana i ka hōkū. ʻOi aku ka ʻenehana, ʻo ia ke axis semi-major o ka orbit geocentric lunar. ʻO ka mamao o ka mahina ma kahi o 400,000 km, ʻo ia ka hapahā o kahi miliona mile a i ʻole 1.28 māmā-kekona. He kanakolu paha kēia manawa o ke anawaena o ka Honua.
Ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana: I ke kālā, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kahi waiwai kālā i hoʻopili ʻia me nā kahe kālā paʻa, e like me ka palapala hoʻopaʻa, ʻo ia ka awelika kaupaona o nā manawa a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā mau kahe kālā paʻa. Ke manaʻo ʻia ke kumukūʻai o kahi waiwai he hana o ka loaʻa. ana ka lōʻihi i ka ʻike i ke kumu kūʻai e hāʻawi, ka lāki o ka loli o ke kumukūʻai e pili ana i ka hāʻawi, a i ʻole ka pākēneka hoʻololi i ke kumukūʻai no ka loli like o nā hua.
Nā uku loaʻa ma kēlā me kēia pule: I ke Aupuni Hui Pū ʻia a me ʻAukekulia, ʻo ka Average Weekly Earnings (AWE) ke alakaʻi alakaʻi o nā hoʻololi pōkole o nā loaʻa kālā. Ma UK, ua hoʻololi i ka Index Loaʻa Loaʻa (Average ʻIke ʻIke) (AEI) ma ke ʻano he ana kēpau o ka loaʻa kālā pōkole i Ianuali 2010.
Ka helu helu uku awelika: I ke Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka awelika loaʻa kālā (AEI) kahi hōʻailona o nā kaomi piʻi e kū mai ana mai ka mākeke hana.
Ka helu helu loaʻa (ka heihei lio): ʻO ka helu helu loaʻa kālā ( AEI ) kahi helu helu kaulana i hoʻohana ʻia ma North American Thoroughbred hanau lio. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻokau i nā loaʻa o nā keiki hānau holoholona i kahi kuanaʻike kūpono.
Nā hana hoʻokaʻawale (nā helu helu helu mekanika): I ke kālaikūlohea, wehewehe kahi hana pākana i nā waiwai helu o kahi ʻōnaehana i ke kaulike thermodynamic. ʻO nā hana pākana nā hana o nā loli mokuʻāina thermodynamic, e like me ka mahana a me ka leo. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā loli thermodynamic hōʻuluʻulu o ka ʻōnaehana, e like me ka nui o ka ikehu, ikehu manuahi, entropy, a me kaomi, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka hana paku a i ʻole nā ​​mea loaʻa. ʻO ka hana partition he dimensionless, he helu maʻemaʻe ia.
Waiwai (ethics): I nā loina, hōʻike ka waiwai i ke kekele o ka mea nui o kekahi mea a hana paha, me ka pahuhopu e hoʻoholo i nā hana e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hana a i ke ala maikaʻi e ola ai, a i ʻole e wehewehe i ke ʻano o nā hana like ʻole. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana waiwai nā mea i manaʻo ʻia a me nā prescriptive; pili lākou i ka lawena moʻomeheu o ke kanaka a i ʻole ke kumu o kā lākou mau hana i makemake ai. ʻO ka manawa pinepine ikaika nā waiwai mua a kūpono nā helu lua i nā loli. ʻO ka mea e waiwai ai ka hana i hilinaʻi ʻia i ka waiwai kūpono o nā mea e hoʻonui ai, hoʻemi a hoʻololi paha. ʻO kahi mea me "ethic waiwai" hiki ke kapa ʻia he "ʻano maikaʻi a me ke ʻano maikaʻi".
Waiwai (ethics): I nā loina, hōʻike ka waiwai i ke kekele o ka mea nui o kekahi mea a hana paha, me ka pahuhopu e hoʻoholo i nā hana e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hana a i ke ala maikaʻi e ola ai, a i ʻole e wehewehe i ke ʻano o nā hana like ʻole. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana waiwai nā mea i manaʻo ʻia a me nā prescriptive; pili lākou i ka lawena moʻomeheu o ke kanaka a i ʻole ke kumu o kā lākou mau hana i makemake ai. ʻO ka manawa pinepine ikaika nā waiwai mua a kūpono nā helu lua i nā loli. ʻO ka mea e waiwai ai ka hana i hilinaʻi ʻia i ka waiwai kūpono o nā mea e hoʻonui ai, hoʻemi a hoʻololi paha. ʻO kahi mea me "ethic waiwai" hiki ke kapa ʻia he "ʻano maikaʻi a me ke ʻano maikaʻi".
Kālā kūʻai i kau ʻia: I ka ʻoihana waiwai, ʻo ke kumukūʻai maʻamau ( AFC ) nā kumukūʻai paʻa o ka hana (FC) i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka nui (Q) o nā huahana i hana ʻia. ʻO nā kumukūʻai paʻa kēlā mau koina e pono e hoʻoili ʻia i ka nui paʻa me ka nānā ʻole i ka pae o nā huahana i hana ʻia.
ʻO ka Pāʻani: Ke kiʻi nei i ka Hui Malu o nā Pickup Artists: ʻO ka Pāʻani: Ke kiʻi nei i ka Hui Malu o Pickup Artists kahi puke moʻolelo ʻole i kākau ʻia e ka mea noiʻi noiʻi ʻo Neil Strauss ma ke ʻano he puke moʻolelo o kāna huakaʻi a me nā hālāwai i loko o ke kaiāulu hoʻowalewale.
Moʻolelo mahana mahana: Hōʻike ka moʻolelo wela honua i nā fluctuations o ka mahana o ka lewa a me nā moana ma o nā manawa like ʻole o ka manawa. Aia ka ʻike kikoʻī loa mai ka makahiki 1850, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā moʻolelo thermometer-metical methodical. Nui nā kuhi o nā mahana mai ka hopena o ka Pleistocene glaciation, keu hoʻi i ka wā o Holocene e kū nei. Ke aʻo ʻia nei nā wā kahiko e ka paleoclimatology.
Kiʻekiʻe kanaka: ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka ka mamao mai ka lalo o nā wāwae i ka piko o ke poʻo i kahi kino kanaka, e kū pololei ana. Ana ʻia ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka stadiometer, ma ka kenekulia pinepine i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana metric, a i ʻole nā ​​kapuaʻi a me nā ʻīniha ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana imperial.
Awelika kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka ma ka ʻāina: Ma lalo nā awelika o nā kiʻekiʻe kanaka makua e ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka ʻāina. Pono e nīnau i nā noiʻi kumu a me nā kumuwaiwai no nā kikoʻī e pili ana i ka hana a me nā heluna kanaka i ana ʻia, ana ʻia, a i noʻonoʻo ʻia paha.
Wahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe koina: I ka inikua hana ʻole (UI) ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka awelika o ke kumu kūʻai he nui (AHCM) kahi mea hoʻohana maʻamau i ka hana no ka pono ʻole o ka Waihona Kūpono. ʻO ka ʻenehana, ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo AHCM ma ke ʻano he puʻukū mālama i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka awelika uku kumukūʻai o ʻekolu mau makahiki kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe i ka moʻolelo o ka mokuʻāina. I kēia wehewehe ʻana, ua wehewehe ʻia ka uku kumukūʻai no kēlā me kēia lōʻihi o ka manawa ma ke ʻano he uku pōmaikaʻi i puʻunaue ʻia e ka huina uku i uku ʻia i ka hana uhi ʻia no ka lōʻihi like, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he pakeneka.
Kiʻekiʻe kanaka: ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka ka mamao mai ka lalo o nā wāwae i ka piko o ke poʻo i kahi kino kanaka, e kū pololei ana. Ana ʻia ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka stadiometer, ma ka kenekulia pinepine i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana metric, a i ʻole nā ​​kapuaʻi a me nā ʻīniha ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana imperial.
Awelika kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka ma ka ʻāina: Ma lalo nā awelika o nā kiʻekiʻe kanaka makua e ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka ʻāina. Pono e nīnau i nā noiʻi kumu a me nā kumuwaiwai no nā kikoʻī e pili ana i ka hana a me nā heluna kanaka i ana ʻia, ana ʻia, a i noʻonoʻo ʻia paha.
Kiʻekiʻe kanaka: ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka ka mamao mai ka lalo o nā wāwae i ka piko o ke poʻo i kahi kino kanaka, e kū pololei ana. Ana ʻia ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka stadiometer, ma ka kenekulia pinepine i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana metric, a i ʻole nā ​​kapuaʻi a me nā ʻīniha ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana imperial.
Loaʻa kālā no kēlā me kēia kanaka: Per capita loaa (PCI) a huina loaʻa ana i ka awelika makahiki hoʻolimalima i no kanaka i loko o ka ia wahi i loko o ka hoakaka makahiki. Hoʻomaulia ʻia ia ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā o ka wahi e kāna heluna heluna kanaka.
Loaʻa Loaʻa Loaʻa Mālama ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Average Indexed Monthly Earnings ( AIME ) i loko o ka ʻōnaehana mālama kaiaulu o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e helu ai i ka nui o ka ʻInikua Pilikino e hoʻoholo ana i ke kumukūʻai o nā pono i uku ʻia ma lalo o ke poʻo inoa II o ke kānāwai mālama ola ma lalo o ka 1978 New Start Method. Kahi kikoʻī, ʻO ka loaʻa awelika helu mahina he awelika o ka loaʻa kālā o kēlā me kēia mahina i loaʻa i kahi mea pōmaikaʻi i ko lākou ola hana, i hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka hoʻonui.
Kuhi inoa (ka ʻike ʻike): I ke kumumanaʻo ʻike, ʻo ka entropy o kahi loli kaulike ka pae awelika o ka "ʻike", "pūʻiwa", a i ʻole "kānalua" kūlohelohe i nā hopena i hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia. ʻO Claude Shannon ka manaʻo o ka entropy ʻike i hoʻolauna ʻia e kāna pepa 1948 "A Matematika Theory of Communication", a i kekahi manawa ua kapa ʻia ʻo Shannon entropy i kona hanohano. E like me kahi laʻana, e noʻonoʻo i kahi kālā hoʻokalakiko me ka likelika p o ka pae ʻana ma luna o nā poʻo a me ka likelike 1 - p o ka pae ʻana ma nā huelo. ʻO ka pīhoihoi nui loa no p = 1/2 , ke ʻaʻohe kumu e manaʻo ai i kahi hopena ma mua o kekahi, a i kēia mea he entropy o kahi bit i kahi flip coin. ʻO ka pūʻiwa liʻiliʻi ke hiki i ka p = 0 a i ʻole p = 1 , ke ʻike ʻia ka hanana a ʻaʻohe ʻāpana o ka entropy. Other aiee o ka pa e haawi okoa entropies ma waena o 'Aʻohe a me kekahi'āpana.
Hoʻohālikelike IQ: ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike IQ ka hana a nā mea hoʻopuka hoʻāʻo IQ o ka lepili ʻana i nā pae helu IQ me nā inoa mahele e like me "kiʻekiʻe" a i ʻole "awelika".
Ua hala ka awelika: Ua hala ka awelika: ʻO ka mana ʻana iā ʻAmelika ma mua o ka makahiki o ka Stagnation Nui kahi puke 2013 na ka mea kālaihonua ʻo Tyler Cowen e waiho nei i kāna ʻike no ka huakaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua i ka wā e hiki mai ana. He hopena ia o ka puke liʻiliʻi ʻo Cowen's 2011 ʻO ka Stagnation Nui , i ʻōlelo ai ua hoʻopau ʻo ʻAmelika i nā hua haʻahaʻa e kau ana i ka ulu ma ka 19 a me ka mua o ke kenekulia 20.
Ua hala ka awelika: Ua hala ka awelika: ʻO ka mana ʻana iā ʻAmelika ma mua o ka makahiki o ka Stagnation Nui kahi puke 2013 na ka mea kālaihonua ʻo Tyler Cowen e waiho nei i kāna ʻike no ka huakaʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua i ka wā e hiki mai ana. He hopena ia o ka puke liʻiliʻi ʻo Cowen's 2011 ʻO ka Stagnation Nui , i ʻōlelo ai ua hoʻopau ʻo ʻAmelika i nā hua haʻahaʻa e kau ana i ka ulu ma ka 19 a me ka mua o ke kenekulia 20.
Joe ʻākea: ʻO nā huaʻōlelo ʻo Joe, ʻo Joe maʻamau, ʻo Joe Sixpack, ʻo Joe Lunchbucket , ʻo Joe Snuffy , ʻo Joe Blow , ʻo Joe Schmo a ʻo Jane maʻamau, ʻo Jane maʻamau , a ʻo Jane Jane , hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau e kuhikuhi i kahi kanaka maʻamau āpau, maʻamau ka awelika ʻAmelika. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea ʻelua e hāʻawi i ke kiʻi o ke kuhiakau "kanaka averika piha" a i ʻole e wehewehe i kahi kanaka e kū nei. Aia nā huaʻōlelo like i nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe no nā mea like kūloko ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ke ola maʻamau: E nānā paha ke ola maʻamau i: Ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana, ke ola ʻana i ka helu no kekahi heluna kanaka Palaho kūwaho # ʻO ke ola holoʻokoʻa, manawa ola maʻamau i kahi hoʻonohonoho hoʻemi hōʻemi ʻO ke ola awelika-kaupaona, ka manawa uku uku hōʻaiʻē
Ke ola ola: ʻO ke ola ke ana he helu helu o ka manawa awelika e manaʻo ʻia e ola kahi meaola, e pili ana i ka makahiki o kona hānau ʻana, kona makahiki o kēia manawa, a me nā kumu helu kanaka e like me ka moekolohe. ʻO ke ana i hoʻohana mau ʻia ke ola o ke ola ma ka wā hānau ( LEB ), a hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ma nā ʻano ʻelua. ʻO Cohort LEB ke ʻano lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi cohort hānau maoli a hiki ke helu wale ʻia no nā cohort i hānau ʻia i nā makahiki i hala aku nei i make nā lālā a pau. ʻO ka wā LEB ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kahi koholā hipotesis i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike ʻia, mai ka hānau ʻana a hiki i ka make, a i nā helu make i mālama ʻia i ka makahiki i hāʻawi ʻia.
Ke ola ola: ʻO ke ola ke ana he helu helu o ka manawa awelika e manaʻo ʻia e ola kahi meaola, e pili ana i ka makahiki o kona hānau ʻana, kona makahiki o kēia manawa, a me nā kumu helu kanaka e like me ka moekolohe. ʻO ke ana i hoʻohana mau ʻia ke ola o ke ola ma ka wā hānau ( LEB ), a hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ma nā ʻano ʻelua. ʻO Cohort LEB ke ʻano lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi cohort hānau maoli a hiki ke helu wale ʻia no nā cohort i hānau ʻia i nā makahiki i hala aku nei i make nā lālā a pau. ʻO ka wā LEB ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kahi koholā hipotesis i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike ʻia, mai ka hānau ʻana a hiki i ka make, a i nā helu make i mālama ʻia i ka makahiki i hāʻawi ʻia.
Ke ola ola: ʻO ke ola ke ana he helu helu o ka manawa awelika e manaʻo ʻia e ola kahi meaola, e pili ana i ka makahiki o kona hānau ʻana, kona makahiki o kēia manawa, a me nā kumu helu kanaka e like me ka moekolohe. ʻO ke ana i hoʻohana mau ʻia ke ola o ke ola ma ka wā hānau ( LEB ), a hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ma nā ʻano ʻelua. ʻO Cohort LEB ke ʻano lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi cohort hānau maoli a hiki ke helu wale ʻia no nā cohort i hānau ʻia i nā makahiki i hala aku nei i make nā lālā a pau. ʻO ka wā LEB ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kahi koholā hipotesis i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike ʻia, mai ka hānau ʻana a hiki i ka make, a i nā helu make i mālama ʻia i ka makahiki i hāʻawi ʻia.
ʻO ke ola maʻamau: E nānā paha ke ola maʻamau i: Ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana, ke ola ʻana i ka helu no kekahi heluna kanaka Palaho kūwaho # ʻO ke ola holoʻokoʻa, manawa ola maʻamau i kahi hoʻonohonoho hoʻemi hōʻemi ʻO ke ola awelika-kaupaona, ka manawa uku uku hōʻaiʻē
Loaʻa kālā no kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohana: ʻO ka loaʻa kālā maʻamau no kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohana ( ARPU ), i kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he loaʻa kālā no kēlā me kēia anakahi , kahi ana i hoʻohana mua ʻia e nā kamaʻilio mea kūʻai aku, nā pāpaho uila, a me nā hui pūnaewele, i wehewehe ʻia e like me ka huina kālā i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka helu o nā mea kau inoa.
Ka helu ʻauhau: I kahi ʻōnaehana ʻauhau, ʻo ka helu ʻauhau ka lakio auhau ʻia kahi ʻoihana a kanaka paha. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau ʻano hana e hōʻike i kahi helu ʻauhau: kū kānāwai, awelika, palena palena, a me ka hoʻokō. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i kēia mau helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wehewehe like ʻole i noi ʻia i kahi waihona ʻauhau: hoʻohui a kū hoʻokahi.
Ka helu ʻauhau: I kahi ʻōnaehana ʻauhau, ʻo ka helu ʻauhau ka lakio auhau ʻia kahi ʻoihana a kanaka paha. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau ʻano hana e hōʻike i kahi helu ʻauhau: kū kānāwai, awelika, palena palena, a me ka hoʻokō. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i kēia mau helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wehewehe like ʻole i noi ʻia i kahi waihona ʻauhau: hoʻohui a kū hoʻokahi.
Papa inoa o nā ʻāina ma ka makahiki ma ka male mua: He papa inoa kēia o nā ʻāina i ka makahiki ma ka male mua . Aia kēia papa inoa mai nā ana o kēia au a mālama ʻole i ke kumuhana i ka mōʻaukala. ʻOkoʻa ke kālā o ka ʻike ma ka ʻāina. Ma muli o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana o ka makahiki o ka poʻe ma ka male mua me ka huelo lōʻihi i nā ʻelemakule, male ka hapanui o ka poʻe ma mua o ka awelika o ka male mua. ʻO ka makahiki waena kahi hōʻike kikoʻī ʻoi ke male ka hapanui o ka poʻe; no ka hapa nui o nā kumuwaiwai hōʻike, akā, ʻo ka makahiki awelika wale nō i ka male ʻana e hōʻike ʻia.
Mass (spectrometry lehulehu): Hiki i ka nuipa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e kahi spectrometer lehulehu ke kuhikuhi i nā nui o ke kino e like me nā ʻano o ka mea kani a me ke ʻano e hōʻike ʻia ai ka pae ākea.
Ka manawa komo hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo ʻana: I ka ʻepekema lolouila, ʻo ka manawa maʻamau ke komo ʻana o ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana ( AMAT ) kahi metric maʻamau e kālailai i ka hana ʻōnaehana hoʻomanaʻo paʻa kamepiula.
Ana hana: I ke kiʻi paʻi, ke ʻano o ke ana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pahupaʻikiʻi e hoʻoholo ai i ka hōʻike. ʻAe pinepine nā kāmela i ka mea hoʻohana e koho ma waena o nā kiko , ka awelika o ke kaumaha waena , a i ʻole nā ʻano metering ana he nui. ʻAe nā ʻano metering ʻokoʻa i ka mea hoʻohana e koho i kahi kūpono loa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano kukui like ʻole. I nā mālamalama maʻalahi e hoʻololi i nā mea paʻi kiʻi ʻoihana i ka ʻano manual, ma mua o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i kahi hoʻonohonoho i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka kāmela.
ʻIke kuikahi: I ke kumumanaʻo kūpono a me ke kumumanaʻo ʻike, ʻo ka ʻike pili ( MI ) o ʻelua mau loli maʻamau ke ana o ka hilinaʻi like ma waena o nā loli ʻelua. ʻOi aku ka kikoʻī, helu ia i ka "nui o ka ʻike" i loaʻa e pili ana i kahi loli lōkahi e ka nānā ʻana i ka loli lōkahi ʻē aʻe. Pili pili ka manaʻo o ka ʻike pili i ka entropy o kahi ʻano lōkahi, kahi manaʻo nui i ka ʻikepili ʻike e helu ana i ka "nui o ka ʻike" i manaʻo ʻia e paʻa ana i kahi loli.
Mahana hana: ʻO kahi mahana hana ka papahana mahana i ʻae ʻia o ke kaiapuni kūloko kahi e holo ai ka uila a me ka mīkini. E holo pono ka hāmeʻa ma waena o kahi pae mahana i kuhikuhi ʻia e loli ana ma muli o ka hana a me ka pōʻaiapili noi, a me nā pae mai ke ana wela o ka mahana a hiki i ke ana wela o ka hana . Ma waho o kēia pae o nā mahana hana palekana e holo ʻole paha ka hāmeʻa.
Kaila koho: I ke kālā, ʻo ke kaila a i ʻole ʻohana o kahi koho ka papa e hāʻule ai ke koho, e wehewehe maʻamau ʻia e nā lā e hiki ai ke koho. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā koho he koho ʻEulopa a ʻAmelika paha (kaila). ʻO kēia mau koho — a me nā mea ʻē aʻe kahi e helu like ʻia ai ka uku - ua kapa ʻia ʻo "nā koho vanilla". Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā koho ma kahi e helu ʻokoʻa ai ka uku ma ke ʻano he "exotic options" . Hiki i nā koho exotic ke hōʻike i nā pilikia pilikia i ka loiloi a me ka pale.
ʻĀkau kaulike o kahi hana arithmetic: I ke kumumanaʻo helu, ʻo ke kau waena o ka hana arithmetic kekahi hana maʻalahi a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi-i hoʻomaopopo ʻia e lawe i nā waiwai like "ma ka awelika".
Ka lōʻihi o ke ala maʻamau: ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ala maʻamau kahi manaʻo i ka topology pūnaewele i wehewehe ʻia e like me ka helu awelika o nā ʻanuʻu ma nā ala pōkole loa no nā hui āpau o nā kikowaena pūnaewele. ʻO ke ana o ka pono o ka ʻike a i ʻole ka lawe lehulehu ʻana ma kahi pūnaewele.
Kālā lawe uku no kēlā me kēia bit: ʻO ke kumukūʻai uku lawe per -bit , a i ʻole ʻo APBDC, ke ʻano helu moʻohelu kālā e lawelawe ai nā mea lawelawe pūnaewele (ISP) i kā lākou kumukūʻai o nā waiwai i kūʻai ʻia.
ʻO ka loaʻa kālā pilikino o kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka loaʻa kālā pilikino pilikino ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i koho ʻia no 2021 e ka International Moneter Fund e lilo iā US $ 68,309. ʻO kekahi o nā ana i hoʻohana mau ʻia no ke ana ʻana i ka hana waiwai a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pōmaikaʻi o nā ʻoihana kūloko ka loaʻa kālā pākahi (PCI). Ua ana ʻia e like me ka nui o ka uku a me ka uku hoʻolimalima, nā loaʻa kālā hana ʻē aʻe, ka loaʻa kālā o nā mea ʻona me ka loiloi waiwai a me nā hoʻoponopono pono ʻana o nā kumupaʻa, nā uku hoʻolimalima o nā kānaka me nā hoʻoponopono hoʻoliʻiliʻi kapikala, loaʻa kālā maʻa pilikino, loaʻa kālā pilikino, a me nā hoʻololi hoʻololi i nā poʻe, emi nā hāʻawi pilikino pilikino. ʻO ka loaʻa kālā pilikino o ka mokuʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i wehewehe i ka loaʻa kālā pilikino o kahi ʻāpana kikoʻī, i loaʻa e a i ʻole ma ka inoa o nā kānaka āpau e noho ana ma ia wahi. A ʻo kahi hopena, hōʻike ʻia nā helu waiwai pilikino e nā wahi e loaʻa nei ka loaʻa kālā. Kuhi ʻia kēia ana o ka loaʻa kālā ma ke ʻano he loaʻa pilikino o nā kamaʻāina o kahi i hāʻawi ʻia i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka poʻe noho o ia wahi. Ke hoʻohana nei ka Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) i ka papahana makahiki makahiki makahiki o ka helu helu helu kanaka helu helu helu helu helu helu helu no ka helu pilikino pilikino no nā mokuʻāina a me nā kalana. Koe wale no nā haumāna o ke koleke a me nā lā kau ʻē aʻe, i helu ʻia ma ʻApelila 1, ua helu ʻia ka heluna kānaka no nā hui ʻē aʻe ma Iulai 1.
ʻO ka loaʻa kālā pilikino o kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka loaʻa kālā pilikino pilikino ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i koho ʻia no 2021 e ka International Moneter Fund e lilo iā US $ 68,309. ʻO kekahi o nā ana i hoʻohana mau ʻia no ke ana ʻana i ka hana waiwai a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pōmaikaʻi o nā ʻoihana kūloko ka loaʻa kālā pākahi (PCI). Ua ana ʻia e like me ka nui o ka uku a me ka uku hoʻolimalima, nā loaʻa kālā hana ʻē aʻe, ka loaʻa kālā o nā mea ʻona me ka loiloi waiwai a me nā hoʻoponopono pono ʻana o nā kumupaʻa, nā uku hoʻolimalima o nā kānaka me nā hoʻoponopono hoʻoliʻiliʻi kapikala, loaʻa kālā maʻa pilikino, loaʻa kālā pilikino, a me nā hoʻololi hoʻololi i nā poʻe, emi nā hāʻawi pilikino pilikino. ʻO ka loaʻa kālā pilikino o ka mokuʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i wehewehe i ka loaʻa kālā pilikino o kahi ʻāpana kikoʻī, i loaʻa e a i ʻole ma ka inoa o nā kānaka āpau e noho ana ma ia wahi. A ʻo kahi hopena, hōʻike ʻia nā helu waiwai pilikino e nā wahi e loaʻa nei ka loaʻa kālā. Kuhi ʻia kēia ana o ka loaʻa kālā ma ke ʻano he loaʻa pilikino o nā kamaʻāina o kahi i hāʻawi ʻia i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka poʻe noho o ia wahi. Ke hoʻohana nei ka Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) i ka papahana makahiki makahiki makahiki o ka helu helu helu kanaka helu helu helu helu helu helu helu no ka helu pilikino pilikino no nā mokuʻāina a me nā kalana. Koe wale no nā haumāna o ke koleke a me nā lā kau ʻē aʻe, i helu ʻia ma ʻApelila 1, ua helu ʻia ka heluna kānaka no nā hui ʻē aʻe ma Iulai 1.
ʻO ka hihia maikaʻi loa, ʻoi loa a me awelika: I ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi , ʻoi loa , a me ka awelika nā hihia o kahi algorithm i hāʻawi ʻia e hōʻike i ka mea o ka hoʻohana waiwai ma ka liʻiliʻi , ma ka hapa nui a ma ka awelika . ʻO ka maʻa mau ka mea e noʻonoʻo ʻia nei ke holo nei ka manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka paʻakikī o ka manawa, akā hiki ke hoʻomanaʻo ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hihia ʻoi loa ka hana e hana ai i ka palena iki o nā ʻanuʻu ma ka ʻikepili hoʻokomo o nā n element. ʻO ka hihia ʻoi loa ka hana e hana ana i ka helu keu o nā ʻanuʻu ma ka ʻikepili hoʻokomo o ka nui n. ʻO ka hihia maʻamau ka hana e hana ai i ka helu awelika o nā ʻanuʻu ma ka ʻikepili hoʻokomo o nā n element.
ʻO ke kanaka i loaʻa ka mākaukau maʻamau i ka ʻoihana: ʻO ke kanaka i loaʻa ka mākaukau maʻamau i ka noʻeau , kahi kanaka o ( maʻamau ) mākau i ke kiʻi , kahi kanaka mākaukau i ka noʻeau , kahi mea kamaʻilio mākaukau a i ʻole he kanaka mākaukau paha kahi moʻolelo fiction i loaʻa i nā kānāwai patent a puni ka honua. Kuhi ʻia kēia kanaka fictional i nā mākau maʻamau a me ka ʻike i loko o kekahi ʻenehana loea, me ka ʻole o ke akamai. Mālama nui ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi no ka hoʻoholo ʻana, a i ʻole ma ka liʻiliʻi e loiloi ana, inā ʻaʻole maopopo a maopopo ʻole paha kahi mea i hana ʻia a i ʻole pili i kahi ʻanuʻu hana a ʻaʻole paha. Inā maopopo leʻa i kēia kanaka fictional e hele mai me ka mea hou i ka wā e hoʻomaka ana mai ke kiʻi mua, a laila manaʻo ʻia ka mea i hana ʻole ʻia he patentable.
Nā lāʻau lapaʻau: Pharmacokinetics , kekahi manawa pōkole e like me PK , kahi lālā o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻolaʻa ʻia e hoʻoholo i ka hopena o nā mea i lawelawe ʻia i kahi meaola ola. Hoʻopili nā mea hoihoi i kekahi xenobiotic kemika e like me: nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea pesticides, nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai, nā mea hoʻonaninani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe hoʻopau loa ʻia mai ke kino. ʻO ka Pharmacokinetics ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o kahi lāʻau i kahi lāʻau, akā ʻo ka pharmodinnamics (PD) ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o ka lāʻau i ka meaola. Hoʻopili pū lāua ʻelua i ka dosing, ke kōkua, a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma nā hiʻohiʻona PK / PD.
Nā hana loiloi (kiʻi hou ʻana i ka ʻike): Hoʻohana ʻia nā ana loiloi no kahi ʻōnaehana kiʻi ʻike e loiloi i ka hopena o nā hopena o ka ʻimi a ka mea hoʻohana. Hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia kēlā mau metika i nā ʻano: nānā nā ana pūnaewele i ka launa pū ʻana o nā mea hoʻohana me ka ʻōnaehana huli, ʻoiai e ana ana nā ana offline i ka pilina, i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe pehea paha e hopena ai kēlā me kēia hopena, a me nā ʻaoʻao hopena ʻenekini huli (SERP). nā pono ʻike o ka mea hoʻohana.
Kumukūʻai: ʻO ke kumukūʻai awelika o kahi huahana ka hopena o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka loaʻa kālā kūʻai o ka huahana e nā huina kālā i kūʻai ʻia. Ke kūʻai aku ʻia hoʻokahi huahana i nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka nui o nā ʻōmole, pono nā luna e wehewehe i nā anakuhi "like". Hiki ke helu ʻia nā kumukūʻai maʻamau e ke kaupaona ʻana i nā kumukūʻai kūʻai aku i nā kumukūʻai e ka pākēneka o nā kūʻai mokuna (kāwili) no kēlā me kēia huahana. Inā mākou e hoʻohana i kahi hae, ma mua o ka huikau maoli o nā nui a me nā ʻano huahana, ʻo ka hopena ke kumu kūʻai no kēlā me kēia helu helu. Kāhea ʻia nā anakuhi helu ʻikepili.
Kānāwai o ka likelika hiki: I ke kumumanaʻo kūpono, ʻo ke kānāwai o ka likelihood total he lula nui e pili ana i nā likiki palena ʻole i nā hopena kūlana. Hōʻike ia i ka likelika o ka hopena i hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma o nā hanana ʻano ʻokoʻa — no laila ka inoa.
Iecaianoaaiiuo (hoʻokele waiwai): ʻO ka hana ʻana ke kaʻina o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻokomo a me nā hoʻokomo immaterial i mea e hana ai i kahi mea no ka ʻai (hoʻopuka). ʻO ia ka hana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi puka, kahi maikaʻi a lawelawe paha i waiwai a hāʻawi ʻia i ka pono o kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka hoʻokele waiwai e kālele ana i ka hana i kapa ʻia ʻo ke ʻano hana, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia me ke kumumanaʻo o ka ʻoihana waiwai.