Australlus, Australo-, Australo-

Australlus: ʻO Australlus kahi ʻano make o nā manu i ka ʻohana rail. Ua wehewehe ʻia mai kahi moʻo o ka Late Oligocene a i ka Middle Miocene fossil mea i loaʻa ma Riversleigh ma ka ʻākau komohana o Kuakini, Australia. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka genus ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ʻana o nā pilina o ka lāhui i hōʻike mua ʻia ʻo Gallinula disneyi Boles 2005 ke loaʻa nā mea hou. ʻO ka inoa genus mai ka Latin australis ("southern"), a me rallus ("rail"). Loaʻa iā ia ʻelua mau ʻano lele ʻole i wehewehe ʻia: A. disneyi (Boles, 2005) Kūpono & Boles, 2011 A. gagensis Kūpono & Boles, 2011
Australo-: ʻO Australo- kahi unuhi mua a e kuhikuhi paha iā: ka hema Nuhōlani
Australo-: ʻO Australo- kahi unuhi mua a e kuhikuhi paha iā: ka hema Nuhōlani
Australo-Melanesian: ʻO Australo-Melanesians kahi hui kahiko o nā poʻe ʻōiwi like ʻole i Melanesia a me Australia. ʻO nā hui i hui pū ʻia me controversial i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana o Hikina Hema Asia, a me ʻAsia Hema.
Australo-Melanesian: ʻO Australo-Melanesians kahi hui kahiko o nā poʻe ʻōiwi like ʻole i Melanesia a me Australia. ʻO nā hui i hui pū ʻia me controversial i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana o Hikina Hema Asia, a me ʻAsia Hema.
Nuhōlani (ʻāina ʻāina): ʻO ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAukekulelia , i ʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa i nā pōʻaiapili e nā inoa ʻo Sahul , Australinea , a i ʻole Meganesia e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAukekulelia, aia nā ʻāpana ʻāina e noho ana ma ka papa ʻāina Continental. Lawe ka inoa "Sahul" i kona inoa mai ka Sahul Shelf, ʻo ia kahi ʻāpana o ka papa ʻāinapuniʻole o ka moku ʻAulalani. Aia ka ʻāina i ka ʻāina nui Australia, Tasmania, a me ka mokupuni ʻo New Guinea. Aia ma ka ʻāpana ʻāina o Oceania, ʻo Australia ka mea liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāina kuʻuna ʻehiku.
Australo-Papuan babbler: ʻO ka Pomatostomidae he mau manu liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi paha i hopena ʻia i Australia-New Guinea. No nā makahiki he nui, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā babblers Australo-Papuan, me ka kānalua ʻole, me nā Babblers Kahiko (Timaliidae), ma ke kumu o nā helehelena a me nā ʻano maʻamau. ʻO nā noiʻi hou loa, eia naʻe, hōʻike he basal lākou no ka Passerida - e waiho wale i ka Sylvioidea kahi i hoʻonoho ʻia ai nā mea kamaʻilio kahiko o ka Honua - a ua papa ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻohana kaʻawale kokoke i ka Orthonychidae (logrunners). ʻElima mau ʻano i loko o hoʻokahi genus ke ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa, ʻoiai ʻo ka rubeculus ʻulaʻula umauma o ka babbler kalaunu hina e hōʻoia he ʻano ʻokoʻa.
Australo-Papuan babbler: ʻO ka Pomatostomidae he mau manu liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi paha i hopena ʻia i Australia-New Guinea. No nā makahiki he nui, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā babblers Australo-Papuan, me ka kānalua ʻole, me nā Babblers Kahiko (Timaliidae), ma ke kumu o nā helehelena a me nā ʻano maʻamau. ʻO nā noiʻi hou loa, eia naʻe, hōʻike he basal lākou no ka Passerida - e waiho wale i ka Sylvioidea kahi i hoʻonoho ʻia ai nā mea kamaʻilio kahiko o ka Honua - a ua papa ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he ʻohana kaʻawale kokoke i ka Orthonychidae (logrunners). ʻElima mau ʻano i loko o hoʻokahi genus ke ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa, ʻoiai ʻo ka rubeculus ʻulaʻula umauma o ka babbler kalaunu hina e hōʻoia he ʻano ʻokoʻa.
Australo-: ʻO Australo- kahi unuhi mua a e kuhikuhi paha iā: ka hema Nuhōlani
Australobarbarus: ʻO Australobarbarus ka genus o dicynodont mai Late Permian (Wuchiapingian) o Lūkia.
ʻO Australobius palnis: ʻO Australobius palnis kahi ʻano o nā centipedes i ka ʻohana Lithobiidae. ʻIke wale ʻia ia mai Sri Lanka.
Australobius sculpturatus: ʻO Australobius sculpturatus kahi ʻano o nā centipedes i loko o ka ʻohana Lithobiidae. He ʻōiwi ia no Maldives, Nā Mokupuni Laccadive, a me Sri Lanka.
Australobus: ʻO Australobus kahi moʻomeheu monotypic o nā mea kolo o ʻAukekulelia Komohana ma ka ʻohana Orsolobidae e loaʻa ana ka ʻano hoʻokahi, ʻo Australobus torbay . Ua wehewehe mua ʻia e Raymond Robert Forster & Norman I. Platnick i ka makahiki 1985, a aia wale nō ia ma Western Australia.
Australobus: ʻO Australobus kahi moʻomeheu monotypic o nā mea kolo o ʻAukekulelia Komohana ma ka ʻohana Orsolobidae e loaʻa ana ka ʻano hoʻokahi, ʻo Australobus torbay . Ua wehewehe mua ʻia e Raymond Robert Forster & Norman I. Platnick i ka makahiki 1985, a aia wale nō ia ma Western Australia.
Australocamelus: ʻO Australocamelus kahi moʻomeheu monospecific o camelid i pau, hopena i ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Ua noho ia ma ka Waena Miocene 16.3—13.6 mya, e noho nei ma kahi o 2.7 miliona mau makahiki .
Australocarcinus: ʻO Australocarcinus ka genus o nā pāpaʻi, o ka ʻohana Chasmocarcinidae. Loaʻa iā ia 4 mauʻano.
Nā Australocheles: ʻO Australocheles kahi ʻano o nā mites ma ka ʻohana Leptolaelapidae. Aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he hoʻokahi ʻano i wehewehe ʻia ma Australocheles , A. holmi .
Australochelys: ʻO Australochelys kahi ʻano make o ka honu rhaptochelydian. ʻIke ʻia ia mai hoʻokahi ʻano, A. africanus , i hele mai ka Elliot Formation o ʻApelika Hema. ʻO ka holotype o Australochelys he iwi poʻo wale nō a me kahi ʻāpana o ke carapace, e hōʻike nei i nā hiʻohiʻona mua a me nā kiʻi i lawe ʻia. E like me Proganochelys , nui a puni nā Australochelys a me ka tubercle basioccipital ventral, akā e like me nā honu i loaʻa e like me nā casichelydians, kahi hui nona Cryptodira a me Pleurodira, loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻopili basipterygoidal i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a me kahi ʻāpana pepeiao waena i hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi ʻaoʻao. Hōʻike kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i ka pili pili o Australochelys i nā casichelydians ma mua o Proganochelys , a me nā mea mua, hana ʻia ʻo Rhaptochelydia. Hōʻike ka iwi poʻo o Australochelys i kahi loea loea o ka honu i mua o ke ʻano o nā kuhukukū hou.
Australochelys: ʻO Australochelys kahi ʻano make o ka honu rhaptochelydian. ʻIke ʻia ia mai hoʻokahi ʻano, A. africanus , i hele mai ka Elliot Formation o ʻApelika Hema. ʻO ka holotype o Australochelys he iwi poʻo wale nō a me kahi ʻāpana o ke carapace, e hōʻike nei i nā hiʻohiʻona mua a me nā kiʻi i lawe ʻia. E like me Proganochelys , nui a puni nā Australochelys a me ka tubercle basioccipital ventral, akā e like me nā honu i loaʻa e like me nā casichelydians, kahi hui nona Cryptodira a me Pleurodira, loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻopili basipterygoidal i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a me kahi ʻāpana pepeiao waena i hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi ʻaoʻao. Hōʻike kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i ka pili pili o Australochelys i nā casichelydians ma mua o Proganochelys , a me nā mea mua, hana ʻia ʻo Rhaptochelydia. Hōʻike ka iwi poʻo o Australochelys i kahi loea loea o ka honu i mua o ke ʻano o nā kuhukukū hou.
Australochus: ʻO Australochus ka genus o ka ʻohana ʻūpiki parasite ʻo Ichneumonidae. Aia i kēia manawa hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano, Australochus clypeator .
Daphnia kahawai: ʻO Daphnia occidentalis kahi ʻano crustacean ma ka ʻohana Daphniidae. He hopena ia iā Australia, a ʻo ia wale nō nā ʻano i ka subgenus Australodaphnia .
Australodelphis: ʻO Australodelphis mirus kahi Dolphin Pliocene pau ʻole. ʻIke ʻia ʻo A. mirus mai nā fossil i loaʻa ma ka Sørsdal Formation, Mule Peninsula, Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka genus ma ke ʻano he laʻana o ka evolution evolution me nā koholā nuku.
Australodelphis: ʻO Australodelphis mirus kahi Dolphin Pliocene pau ʻole. ʻIke ʻia ʻo A. mirus mai nā fossil i loaʻa ma ka Sørsdal Formation, Mule Peninsula, Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka genus ma ke ʻano he laʻana o ka evolution evolution me nā koholā nuku.
Australodocus: ʻO Australodocus ka genus o ka dinosaur sauropod i noho i ka wā o ka Late Jurassic, ma kahi o 150 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i kēia manawa ʻo Tanzania. ʻOiai i manaʻo mua ʻia he diplodocid, hōʻike nā loiloi hou e lilo paha ia i titanosauriform.
Australodocus: ʻO Australodocus ka genus o ka dinosaur sauropod i noho i ka wā o ka Late Jurassic, ma kahi o 150 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i kēia manawa ʻo Tanzania. ʻOiai i manaʻo mua ʻia he diplodocid, hōʻike nā loiloi hou e lilo paha ia i titanosauriform.
Australodraco: ʻO Australodraco muelleri kahi ʻano o nā nalo i loko o ka ʻohana Buprestidae, mai New Guinea; ʻo ia wale nō ka laha i ka genus Australodraco .
Australodraco: ʻO Australodraco muelleri kahi ʻano o nā nalo i loko o ka ʻohana Buprestidae, mai New Guinea; ʻo ia wale nō ka laha i ka genus Australodraco .
Australodynerus: ʻO Australodynerus kahi moʻomanaʻo Australasian o nā ipuhao potera.
ʻO Australoechemus: ʻO Australoechemus ka genus o nā punawelewele o ʻApelika Komohana i hōʻike mua ʻia e Günter Schmidt (arachnologist), M. Geisthardt & F. Piepho i ka makahiki 1994. Ma Mei o ka makahiki 2019 he ʻelua wale nō mau ʻāpana i loaʻa ma nā mokupuni ʻo Cape Verde: A. celer lāua ʻo A. oecobiophilus .
ʻO Australoechemus celer: ʻO Australoechemus celer kahi ʻano o ka punawelewele o ka ʻohana Gnaphosidae i kū pū ʻia ma Cape Verde. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia kēia ʻano e Günter EW Schmidt lāua ʻo Friedhelm Piepho i ka makahiki 1994. Aia ia ma nā mokupuni ʻo Sal lāua ʻo Santiago.
Australofannia: ʻO Australofannia kahi genus o nā nalo o ka ʻohana Fanniidae. Hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano i ʻike ʻia, ʻo Australofannia spiniclunis Pont, 1977, mai ka hema hikina o Australia. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia ke ʻano e ka entomologist Pelekane ʻo Adrian C. Pont ma 1977.
ʻO Australofannia spiniclunis: He ʻano lele ʻo Australofannia spiniclunis ma ka ʻohana Fanniidae. ʻO ia wale nō ka lāhui i ʻike ʻia o ka genus Australofannia mai Southeheast Australia. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia kēia ʻano e ka entomologist Pelekane ʻo Adrian C. Pont ma 1977.
Australogyra: ʻO Australogyra kahi ʻano o nā cnidarians e pili ana i ka ʻohana Faviidae.
Australohalkieria: ʻO Australohalkieria kahi ʻano make o halkieriid mai Australia a me Antarctica.
Australoheros: ʻO Australoheros kahi ʻano iʻa i loko o ka ʻohana cichlid. Kapu ʻia ka hapa nui i nā kahawai a me nā kahawai ma ka hema hikina o Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay a me ka ʻākau hikina o ʻAtena, akā aia ma kahi o hoʻokahi ʻano i loaʻa i nā loko a me nā kahawai. Ua kūkulu ʻia kēia genus ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono taxonomic i ka makahiki 2006. ʻO kēia nā cichlids liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e ʻoi aku ma mua o 10-15 centimetres (4-6 in) i ka lōʻihi, ʻoiai ʻo A. facetus i hiki ma kahi o 20 cm (8 in).
Australoheros facetus: ʻO Australoheros facetus , ka chameleon cichlid a i ʻole chanchito , kahi ʻano cichlid mai ka subfamily Cichlasomatinae kahi i kū i ka ʻākau o ʻAtalina, Paraguay, Uruguay a me ka hema o Brazil.
Australohydnum: ʻO Australohydnum kahi genus o nā fungus hou i ka ʻohana Phanerochaetaceae. Ua kākau ʻia ke ʻano i ka 1978 e ka mycologist Swiss ʻo Walter Jülich me ka fungus Australia Australohydnum griseofuscescens ma ke ʻano he ʻano laha. Ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo A. dregeanum a me A. castaneum i ke ʻano ma 1990 a me 2006, ma ke ʻano. Kuhi ʻia ʻo Australohydnum griseofuscescens i kēia manawa me ka manaʻo like me Irpex vellereus .
Australo-Melanesian: ʻO Australo-Melanesians kahi hui kahiko o nā poʻe ʻōiwi like ʻole i Melanesia a me Australia. ʻO nā hui i hui pū ʻia me controversial i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana o Hikina Hema Asia, a me ʻAsia Hema.
Australo-Melanesian: ʻO Australo-Melanesians kahi hui kahiko o nā poʻe ʻōiwi like ʻole i Melanesia a me Australia. ʻO nā hui i hui pū ʻia me controversial i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana o Hikina Hema Asia, a me ʻAsia Hema.
Australo-Melanesian: ʻO Australo-Melanesians kahi hui kahiko o nā poʻe ʻōiwi like ʻole i Melanesia a me Australia. ʻO nā hui i hui pū ʻia me controversial i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana o Hikina Hema Asia, a me ʻAsia Hema.
Ka moʻo pōhaku Hema: ʻO ka moʻo pōhaku hema kahi ʻano moʻo i ka ʻohana Lacertidae. He hopena ia i ka Western Cape, ʻApelika Hema. Aia ia i loko o fynbos ma nā pali mauna pōhaku.
Ka moʻo pōhaku Hema: ʻO ka moʻo pōhaku hema kahi ʻano moʻo i ka ʻohana Lacertidae. He hopena ia i ka Western Cape, ʻApelika Hema. Aia ia i loko o fynbos ma nā pali mauna pōhaku.
ʻO ka moʻo pōhaku Soutpansberg: ʻO ka moʻo pōhaku Soutpansberg he wahi liʻiliʻi ia (40-50 mm) o ka moʻo i loko o ka ʻohana Lacertidae. Ua wehewehe ʻia ma ke ʻano he diurnal, nā ʻano noho pōhaku e noho ana i nā scree a me nā puka pōhaku ma nā kiʻekiʻe mai 900-1600 m. He hopena ia i ka Panalāʻau ʻo Limpopo ma ka ʻākau o ʻApelika Hema.
Australoleiopus: ʻO Australoleiopus marmoratus kekahi ʻano o nā nalo i loko o ka ʻohana Cerambycidae, a hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano i ka genus Australoleiopus . Ua wehewehe ʻia e Breuning ma 1970.
Australoleiopus: ʻO Australoleiopus marmoratus kekahi ʻano o nā nalo i loko o ka ʻohana Cerambycidae, a hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano i ka genus Australoleiopus . Ua wehewehe ʻia e Breuning ma 1970.
Australolinyfina: ʻO Australolinypia kahi moʻomeheu monotypic o nā kūpale dwarf Australalia e loaʻa ana ka ʻano hoʻokahi, ʻo Australolinyfina remota . Ua wehewehe mua ʻia e J. Wunderlich i ka makahiki 1976, a ua ʻike wale ʻia ma Australia.
Australolinyfina: ʻO Australolinypia kahi moʻomeheu monotypic o nā kūpale dwarf Australalia e loaʻa ana ka ʻano hoʻokahi, ʻo Australolinyfina remota . Ua wehewehe mua ʻia e J. Wunderlich i ka makahiki 1976, a ua ʻike wale ʻia ma Australia.
ʻO Harpagomantis: ʻO Harpagomantis kahi ʻano o nā pule pule i ka ʻohana Galinthiadidae i loaʻa ma ʻApelika. He monotypic ia, e kū nei i hoʻokahi ʻano Harpagomantis tricolor .
Australomasoreus: ʻO Australomasoreus monteithi kahi ʻano o ka nalo i loko o ka ʻohana Carabidae, kahi wale nō i loko o ka genus Australomasoreus .
Australomedusa: ʻO Australomedusa kahi ʻano o nā hydrozoans e pili ana i ka ʻohana Australomedusidae.
Australomedusidae: ʻO Australomedusidae kahi ʻohana o nā cnidarians e pili ana i ke kauoha Anthoathecata.
Australo-Melanesian: ʻO Australo-Melanesians kahi hui kahiko o nā poʻe ʻōiwi like ʻole i Melanesia a me Australia. ʻO nā hui i hui pū ʻia me controversial i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana o Hikina Hema Asia, a me ʻAsia Hema.
Australo-Melanesian: ʻO Australo-Melanesians kahi hui kahiko o nā poʻe ʻōiwi like ʻole i Melanesia a me Australia. ʻO nā hui i hui pū ʻia me controversial i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana o Hikina Hema Asia, a me ʻAsia Hema.
Australo-Melanesian: ʻO Australo-Melanesians kahi hui kahiko o nā poʻe ʻōiwi like ʻole i Melanesia a me Australia. ʻO nā hui i hui pū ʻia me controversial i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana o Hikina Hema Asia, a me ʻAsia Hema.
Australomimetus: ʻO Australomimetus kahi ʻano o nā kolo i ka ʻohana Mimetidae. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia ma Heimer i ka makahiki 1986. E like me ka 2017, loaʻa he 31 mau ʻano.
Australomisidia: ʻO Australomisidia ka pūnana o nā nananana i ka ʻohana Thomisidae. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia ia e Szymkowiak i ka makahiki 2014. E like me ka 2017, loaʻa nā ʻano 8, no ʻAukekulia lākou āpau.
Australomisidia cruentata: ʻO Australomisidia cruentata, kekahi o nā pā kolo, he kolo liʻiliʻi ia i loaʻa ma ʻAukekulia. Aia ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka wahine i 5 mm, ke kāne 3 mm. ʻO kahi mea hoʻohālua hoʻohuhū, ʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā pua i ka hui Pultenaea o nā hua manu a me nā pēpē , no ka ʻohana pea. Kau ʻia ka ʻeke huamoa ma luna o nā pua. Hoʻopili ʻia nā petala me ka silika i loko o kahi keʻena. Noho ka punawelewele me nā hua, e ʻimi holoholona paha ana mai ka puka o ka hoʻi hope, me ka ʻeke hua manu ma kahi kokoke. He pepelii lele ʻino ka Prey. Ua haku ʻia ka genus Australomisidia ma ka makahiki 2014, a ʻo ka huaʻōlelo kahi hui pū ʻia o Australia a me Thomisidae, nā ʻāpala pāpaʻa.
ʻO Australomisidia elegans: ʻO Australomisidia elegans kahi ʻano o nā kolo i ka ʻohana Thomisidae. Loaʻa ia ma Australia.
Lobophyllia: ʻO Lobophyllia , ka mea i kapa ʻia he coral lolo lolo a i ʻole he koʻa lobo , kahi ʻano o nā ʻākoʻakoʻa nui polyp. Loaʻa nā lālā o kēia genus i kekahi manawa i nā aquarium aqu.
Lobophyllia rowleyensis: ʻO Lobophyllia rowleyensis kahi ʻano o nā pōhaku nui polyp pohaku nui. He mau ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ko ka coral me nā ʻano nui loa i loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o kona palena kokoke i Indonesia.
Australonoe: ʻO Australonoe willani kahi ʻano o nā annelid kai ma ka ʻohana Polynoidae, a ʻo ka lālā wale nō o ka genus Australonoe , ʻike wale ʻia mai ka ʻĀkau Hema o ka Moana ʻInikia ma Rottnest Island, Western Australia.
Australonoe: ʻO Australonoe willani kahi ʻano o nā annelid kai ma ka ʻohana Polynoidae, a ʻo ka lālā wale nō o ka genus Australonoe , ʻike wale ʻia mai ka ʻĀkau Hema o ka Moana ʻInikia ma Rottnest Island, Western Australia.
Australonuphis: ʻO Australonuphis , i kapa ʻia he mau ilo kohu kahakai ʻo Australia , kahi ʻano o ka polychaetous annelid o ka ʻohana Onuphidae e noho ana i ka wahi intertidal o nā kahakai kahakai a ʻume ʻia i ka papa e ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka meaʻai. ʻImi ʻia lākou e nā lawaiʻa e hoʻohana i maunu no ka lawaiʻa ʻana. Hiki i kekahi mau laha ke ulu ma mua o ʻelua mau mika ka lōʻihi. Makapō akā he ʻala maikaʻi loa kā lākou, a ʻai i ka ʻiʻo pala, nā iʻa a me nā limu i holoi i kai.
Polychaete: ʻO ka Polychaeta , i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻulu nāu a i ʻole nā polychaetes , he papa paraphyletic o nā ilo annelid, he kai maoli nō. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ke kino he mau protrusions o ke kino i kapa ʻia ʻo parapodia e hali ana i nā hulu he nui, i kapa ʻia ʻo chaetae, i hana ʻia i ka chitin. Ma mua o ka 10,000 mau ʻano i wehewehe ʻia i kēia papa. ʻO nā lunamakaʻāinana maʻamau ka lugworm a me ka sandworm a i ʻole ka worm clam ʻo Alitta .
Australonycteris: ʻO Australonycteris kahi ʻano pau a me ka monotypic genus o ka ʻōpeʻa microchiropteran me hoʻokahi ʻano Australonycteris clarkae . ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano mai nā koena ʻāpana i loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele fossil Murgon, ma ka hema hikina o Kuiniselani, mai ka wā mua o Eocene, 54.6 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ia ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa kahiko loa mai ka Hemisphere Hema a ʻo kekahi o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa kahiko loa o ka honua, a noho ʻia nā ululāʻau a me nā wahi pohō, me ka ʻai ʻana o nā iʻa a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi paha.
Australonycteris: ʻO Australonycteris kahi ʻano pau a me ka monotypic genus o ka ʻōpeʻa microchiropteran me hoʻokahi ʻano Australonycteris clarkae . ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano mai nā koena ʻāpana i loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele fossil Murgon, ma ka hema hikina o Kuiniselani, mai ka wā mua o Eocene, 54.6 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ia ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa kahiko loa mai ka Hemisphere Hema a ʻo kekahi o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa kahiko loa o ka honua, a noho ʻia nā ululāʻau a me nā wahi pohō, me ka ʻai ʻana o nā iʻa a me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi paha.
Australonyx: ʻO Australonyx kahi ʻano make o nā sloth o ka honua, kahi hopena i ʻAmelika Hema i ka wā o ka Pateistocene Late. Ua loaʻa ia ma Palakila.
Australoonops: ʻO Australoonops kahi ʻano o nā spider ma ka ʻohana Oonopidae. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia ia ma 1915 e Hewitt. E like me ka 2016, loaʻa iā 3 mau lālani ʻApelika Hema.
Australopacifica: ʻO Australopacifica kahi ʻano o nā planarians ʻāina o ka ʻohana Caenoplanini. Ua kūkulu ʻia e hoʻokomo i nā lāhui i nele i ka ʻike morphological lawa e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka genus kūpono.
Australo-Melanesian: ʻO Australo-Melanesians kahi hui kahiko o nā poʻe ʻōiwi like ʻole i Melanesia a me Australia. ʻO nā hui i hui pū ʻia me controversial i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana o Hikina Hema Asia, a me ʻAsia Hema.
Australopelopia: ʻO Australopelopia kahi genus o ka ʻole nahu waena o ka ʻohana bloodworm Chironomidae.
Australopithecine: ʻO Australopithecina a i ʻole Hominina he subtribe i loko o ka ʻohana Hominini. ʻO Australopithecus nā lālā o ka subtribe, a ʻo ia ka Ardipithecus , Orrorin , Sahelanthropus , a me Graecopithecus ma mua . ʻO kēia mau ʻano mea pili āpau i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia australopiths a i ʻole nā homininians . ʻO lākou ka mea make, nā pili pili o nā kānaka, a me ka genus Homo e noho nei , ʻo ia ka clade kanaka. ʻO nā lālā o ke kākā kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Hominini ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā chimpanzees, i kapa ʻia ʻo Hominina.
Australophantes: ʻO Australophantes kahi moʻomeheu monotypic o nā nananana dwarf e loaʻa ana nā ʻano hoʻokahi, Australophantes laetesiformis . Ua wehewehe mua ʻia e AV Tanasevitch & K. Stenchly i ka makahiki 2012, a ua ʻike wale ʻia ma Australia a ma Sulawesi.
Australophantes: ʻO Australophantes kahi moʻomeheu monotypic o nā nananana dwarf e loaʻa ana nā ʻano hoʻokahi, Australophantes laetesiformis . Ua wehewehe mua ʻia e AV Tanasevitch & K. Stenchly i ka makahiki 2012, a ua ʻike wale ʻia ma Australia a ma Sulawesi.
Australophile: ʻO ka Australophile kahi mea e mahalo a hōʻike paha i ke aloha i ka moʻomeheu Australia, ka poʻe Australia, ka mōʻaukala o ʻAukekulia a i ʻole nā ​​mea āpau o Australia i ka nui. Hiki i kahi Australophile ke hoʻopaneʻe aku i kekahi i hānau ʻia ma waho o Australia a ʻaʻole kaupalena ʻia ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi Austrian ponoʻī. Kūʻē ʻia ka manaʻo o Australophilia a i ʻole Ozophilia iā Australophobia, ka mea makemake ʻole a makaʻu paha iā Australia a me kāna ʻano moʻomeheu.
Manaʻo anti-Australian: ʻO ka manaʻo anti-Australian e pili ana i ka manaʻo huhū i ka lāhui o Australia a i ʻole kona poʻe.
ʻO Australopithecus sediba: ʻO Australopithecus sediba kahi ʻano luku o australopithecine i loaʻa mai iā Malapa Cave, Cradle o Humankind, ʻApelika Hema. ʻIke ʻia ia mai ka iwi iwi ʻōpio, ka holotype MH1, a me ka iwi wahine makua, ka MH2 paratype. Aia lākou ma kahi o 1.98 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka Early Pleistocene, a noho pū me Paranthropus robustus a me Homo ergaster / H. erectus . Ua unuhi ʻia ʻo Malapa ma ke ʻano he pahele make maoli, ke kumu o kahi lāʻau kū lōʻihi lōʻihi e hāʻule ʻole ai nā mea ola i loko. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia ʻo A. sediba ma ke ʻano he kūpuna kanaka, a ʻo ka mua paha o Homo , akā ua hoʻokūkū ʻia kēia a hiki nō hoʻi ke hōʻike i kahi heluna ola a i ʻole nā ​​kaikuahine o A. africanus i noho mua ma ia wahi.
Australopilus: ʻO Australopilus kahi ʻano fungal i loko o ka ʻohana Boletaceae. Circums kakau ʻia i ka makahiki 2012, he monotypic ia, i piha me nā ʻano Australopilus palumanus hoʻokahi .
Australopilus: ʻO Australopilus kahi ʻano fungal i loko o ka ʻohana Boletaceae. Circums kakau ʻia i ka makahiki 2012, he monotypic ia, i piha me nā ʻano Australopilus palumanus hoʻokahi .
Australopithecus: ʻO Australopithecus kahi genus o nā hominins mua i noho ma ʻApelika i ka wā o Late Pliocene a me Early Pleistocene. ʻO ka genera Homo , Paranthropus , a me Kenyanthropus i ulu mai Australopithecus . Australopithecus He He lâlâ 'o ka subtribe Australopithecina, a i nā Ardipithecus, nae ka manawa "australopithecine" ua kekahi manawa, hoʻohana' ia e hoʻohuli i wale no lala o Australopithecus. Loaʻa nā ʻano me A. garhi , A. africanus , A. sediba , A. afarensis, A. anamensis, A. bahrelghazali a me A. deyiremeda . Aia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa inā pono e hōʻano hou ʻia kekahi ʻano Australopithecus i genera hou, a i ʻole inā Paranthropus a me Kenyanthropus e like me Australopithecus , ma kekahi ʻāpana no ka inconomistic taxonomic.
Australopithecine: ʻO Australopithecina a i ʻole Hominina he subtribe i loko o ka ʻohana Hominini. ʻO Australopithecus nā lālā o ka subtribe, a ʻo ia ka Ardipithecus , Orrorin , Sahelanthropus , a me Graecopithecus ma mua . ʻO kēia mau ʻano mea pili āpau i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia australopiths a i ʻole nā homininians . ʻO lākou ka mea make, nā pili pili o nā kānaka, a me ka genus Homo e noho nei , ʻo ia ka clade kanaka. ʻO nā lālā o ke kākā kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Hominini ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā chimpanzees, i kapa ʻia ʻo Hominina.
Australopithecine: ʻO Australopithecina a i ʻole Hominina he subtribe i loko o ka ʻohana Hominini. ʻO Australopithecus nā lālā o ka subtribe, a ʻo ia ka Ardipithecus , Orrorin , Sahelanthropus , a me Graecopithecus ma mua . ʻO kēia mau ʻano mea pili āpau i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia australopiths a i ʻole nā homininians . ʻO lākou ka mea make, nā pili pili o nā kānaka, a me ka genus Homo e noho nei , ʻo ia ka clade kanaka. ʻO nā lālā o ke kākā kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Hominini ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā chimpanzees, i kapa ʻia ʻo Hominina.
Australopithecine: ʻO Australopithecina a i ʻole Hominina he subtribe i loko o ka ʻohana Hominini. ʻO Australopithecus nā lālā o ka subtribe, a ʻo ia ka Ardipithecus , Orrorin , Sahelanthropus , a me Graecopithecus ma mua . ʻO kēia mau ʻano mea pili āpau i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia australopiths a i ʻole nā homininians . ʻO lākou ka mea make, nā pili pili o nā kānaka, a me ka genus Homo e noho nei , ʻo ia ka clade kanaka. ʻO nā lālā o ke kākā kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Hominini ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā chimpanzees, i kapa ʻia ʻo Hominina.
Australopithecine: ʻO Australopithecina a i ʻole Hominina he subtribe i loko o ka ʻohana Hominini. ʻO Australopithecus nā lālā o ka subtribe, a ʻo ia ka Ardipithecus , Orrorin , Sahelanthropus , a me Graecopithecus ma mua . ʻO kēia mau ʻano mea pili āpau i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia australopiths a i ʻole nā homininians . ʻO lākou ka mea make, nā pili pili o nā kānaka, a me ka genus Homo e noho nei , ʻo ia ka clade kanaka. ʻO nā lālā o ke kākā kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Hominini ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā chimpanzees, i kapa ʻia ʻo Hominina.
Australopithecus: ʻO Australopithecus kahi genus o nā hominins mua i noho ma ʻApelika i ka wā o Late Pliocene a me Early Pleistocene. ʻO ka genera Homo , Paranthropus , a me Kenyanthropus i ulu mai Australopithecus . Australopithecus He He lâlâ 'o ka subtribe Australopithecina, a i nā Ardipithecus, nae ka manawa "australopithecine" ua kekahi manawa, hoʻohana' ia e hoʻohuli i wale no lala o Australopithecus. Loaʻa nā ʻano me A. garhi , A. africanus , A. sediba , A. afarensis, A. anamensis, A. bahrelghazali a me A. deyiremeda . Aia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa inā pono e hōʻano hou ʻia kekahi ʻano Australopithecus i genera hou, a i ʻole inā Paranthropus a me Kenyanthropus e like me Australopithecus , ma kekahi ʻāpana no ka inconomistic taxonomic.
Australopithecus: ʻO Australopithecus kahi genus o nā hominins mua i noho ma ʻApelika i ka wā o Late Pliocene a me Early Pleistocene. ʻO ka genera Homo , Paranthropus , a me Kenyanthropus i ulu mai Australopithecus . Australopithecus He He lâlâ 'o ka subtribe Australopithecina, a i nā Ardipithecus, nae ka manawa "australopithecine" ua kekahi manawa, hoʻohana' ia e hoʻohuli i wale no lala o Australopithecus. Loaʻa nā ʻano me A. garhi , A. africanus , A. sediba , A. afarensis, A. anamensis, A. bahrelghazali a me A. deyiremeda . Aia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa inā pono e hōʻano hou ʻia kekahi ʻano Australopithecus i genera hou, a i ʻole inā Paranthropus a me Kenyanthropus e like me Australopithecus , ma kekahi ʻāpana no ka inconomistic taxonomic.
ʻO Australopithecus afarensis: ʻO Australopithecus afarensis kahi ʻano luku o ka australopithecine i noho ma kahi o 3.9-2.9 miliona mau makahiki i hala (mya) ma ka Pliocene o East Africa. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mōʻalihaku mua i ka makahiki 1930, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku nui a hiki i nā makahiki 1970. Mai ka 1972 a hiki i ka 1977, ka International Afar Research Expedition — alakaʻi ʻia e ka poʻe anthropologists ʻo Maurice Taieb, Donald Johanson, a me Yves Coppens — ua loaʻa he mau haneli mau hanana hominin ma Hadar, ʻAitiopa, ʻo ka mea nui i mālama ʻia me ka iwi nui AL 288-1 ( "Lucy") a me ka pūnaewele AL 333. E hoʻomaka ana ma 1974, ua alakaʻi ʻo Mary Leakey i kahi huakaʻi i Laetoli, Tanzania, a ua loaʻa hou nā ala fossil. I ka makahiki 1978, ua hōʻike mua ʻia kēia ʻano, akā ukali ʻia kēia e nā paio no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka waiwai o nā mea i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia i ka dimorphism moekolohe. Ua iho mai paha ʻo A. afarensis mai A. anamensis a ua hāpai paha iā Homo , ʻoiai ʻaʻole ke kuhiakau hope me ka manaʻo ʻole.
Australopithecus africanus: ʻO Australopithecus africanus kahi ʻano luku o australopithecine i noho mai 3.67 a i 2 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma ka Middle Pliocene a i ka Early Pleistocene o ʻApelika Hema. Ua hoʻāla hou ʻia kēia ʻano mai Taung a me ka Cradle of Humankind ma Sterkfontein, Makapansgat, a me Gladysvale. ʻO ka hōʻike mua, ke keiki Taung, i wehewehe ʻia e ka anatomist ʻo Raymond Dart i 1924, a ʻo ia ka hominin mua i loaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pili ʻae ʻia kona pili pili loa i nā kānaka ma mua o nā keko ʻē aʻe a hiki i ke kenekulia o ke kenekulia no ka mea ʻo ka hapanui i manaʻoʻiʻo ua ulu ke kanaka ma waho o ʻApelika ma muli o ka hoax transitional Possdown Man mai Pelekane. ʻAʻole maopopo i ka pili o ka pili ʻana o A. africanus i nā hominins ʻē aʻe, kahi i waiho ʻia ma ke ʻano he kūpuna na Homo a me Paranthropus , iā Paranthropus wale nō, a iā P. robustus paha . ʻO ka specimen "Little Foot" ʻo ia ka hominin mua loa i mālama ʻia, me 90% o ka iwi iwi paʻa, a me ka mea kahiko loa ʻApelika Hema australopith. Eia naʻe, ua manaʻo hoʻopiʻi ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a me nā ʻano like i " A. prometheus ".
Australopithecus bahrelghazali: ʻO Australopithecus bahrelghazali kahi ʻano luku o australopithecine i ʻike ʻia ma 1995 ma Koro Toro, Bahr el Gazel, Chad, aia ma kahi o 3.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka Pliocene. ʻO ia ka australopithecine mua a hoʻokahi wale nō i ʻike ʻia mai ʻApelika Waena, a hōʻike i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kēia hui ma waena o ʻApelika a kūʻē i ka palena ʻia i ka Hikina a me ka hema o ʻApelika e like me ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia. ʻAʻole i ʻae ʻia ka pono o A. bahrelghazali , no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ʻo A. afarensis , kahi Pliocene australopithecine kaulana loa mai East Africa, no ka like o ka anatomical a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo A. bahrelghazali i ʻike wale ʻia mai ka 3 hapa. nā iwi ā a me kahi premolar kaʻawale. Ua noho nā hiʻohiʻona i kahi kai nāhelehele me ka uhi lāʻau sparse, e like paha me ka Okavango Delta o kēia manawa, a ua ʻai like me ka nui o ka C 4 mau meaʻai savanna — e like me nā mauʻu, nā sedges, nā mea mālama, a i ʻole nā ​​rhizome — a i kahi kekelē liʻiliʻi ʻo C 3 nahele hoʻi. nā meaʻai — e like me nā huaʻai, nā pua, nā poloka, a i nā ʻelala paha. Eia naʻe, ua lako ʻole nā ​​niho e hana i nā mea kanu C 4 , no laila ʻaʻole maopopo kāna papaʻai maoli.
ʻO Paranthropus boisei: ʻO Paranthropus boisei kahi ʻano australopithecine mai ka Early Pleistocene o East Africa ma kahi o 2.5 a 1.15 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka holotype specimen, OH 5 , i ʻike ʻia e ka palaeoanthropologist ʻo Mary Leakey ma 1959, a ua wehewehe ʻia e kāna kāne ʻo Louis i hoʻokahi mahina ma hope. Ua hoʻokau mua ʻia i loko o kāna ʻano ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he " Zinjanthropus boisei ", akā ua hoʻoili ʻia i Paranthropus me nā australopithecines ikaika ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia he hui hewa ʻole ʻo Paranthropus a like pū me Australopithecus , no laila ua ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano Australopithecus boisei .
ʻO Paranthropus robustus: ʻO Paranthropus robustus kahi ʻano o austalopithecine robust mai ka Early and Mungkin Middle Pleistocene o ka Cradle of Humankind, ʻApelika Hema, ma kahi o 2.27 a 0.87 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua ʻike ʻia ma Kromdraai, Swartkrans, Sterkfontein, Gondolin, Cooper's, a me Drimolen Caves. ʻIke ʻia ma 1938, aia ia i waena o nā hominins mua i wehewehe ʻia, a lilo i ʻano laha no ka genus Paranthropus . Eia naʻe, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia e kekahi he hui kūpono ʻole ʻo Paranthropus a hui pū ʻia me Australopithecus , no laila ua hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano Australopithecus robustus .
ʻO Paranthropus aethiopicus: ʻO Paranthropus aethiopicus kahi ʻano luku o austalopithecine ikaika mai ka Late Pliocene a i Early Pleistocene o East Africa ma kahi o 2.7-2.3 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui ʻia inā he hui hewa ʻole ʻo Paranthropus a like pū me Australopithecus , no laila ua ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano Australopithecus aethiopicus . ʻO kēlā me kēia hihia, manaʻo ʻia he kūpuna ia no P. boisei ʻoi loa ka ikaika. Kūkākūkā ʻia inā e hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo P. aethiopicus ma lalo o P. boisei , a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā huaʻōlelo P. boisei sensu lato a me P. boisei sensu stricto e hoʻopili a kāpae iā P. aethiopicus mai P. boisei .
ʻO Australopithecus afarensis: ʻO Australopithecus afarensis kahi ʻano luku o ka australopithecine i noho ma kahi o 3.9-2.9 miliona mau makahiki i hala (mya) ma ka Pliocene o East Africa. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mōʻalihaku mua i ka makahiki 1930, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku nui a hiki i nā makahiki 1970. Mai ka 1972 a hiki i ka 1977, ka International Afar Research Expedition — alakaʻi ʻia e ka poʻe anthropologists ʻo Maurice Taieb, Donald Johanson, a me Yves Coppens — ua loaʻa he mau haneli mau hanana hominin ma Hadar, ʻAitiopa, ʻo ka mea nui i mālama ʻia me ka iwi nui AL 288-1 ( "Lucy") a me ka pūnaewele AL 333. E hoʻomaka ana ma 1974, ua alakaʻi ʻo Mary Leakey i kahi huakaʻi i Laetoli, Tanzania, a ua loaʻa hou nā ala fossil. I ka makahiki 1978, ua hōʻike mua ʻia kēia ʻano, akā ukali ʻia kēia e nā paio no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka waiwai o nā mea i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia i ka dimorphism moekolohe. Ua iho mai paha ʻo A. afarensis mai A. anamensis a ua hāpai paha iā Homo , ʻoiai ʻaʻole ke kuhiakau hope me ka manaʻo ʻole.
Australopithecus africanus: ʻO Australopithecus africanus kahi ʻano luku o australopithecine i noho mai 3.67 a i 2 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma ka Middle Pliocene a i ka Early Pleistocene o ʻApelika Hema. Ua hoʻāla hou ʻia kēia ʻano mai Taung a me ka Cradle of Humankind ma Sterkfontein, Makapansgat, a me Gladysvale. ʻO ka hōʻike mua, ke keiki Taung, i wehewehe ʻia e ka anatomist ʻo Raymond Dart i 1924, a ʻo ia ka hominin mua i loaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pili ʻae ʻia kona pili pili loa i nā kānaka ma mua o nā keko ʻē aʻe a hiki i ke kenekulia o ke kenekulia no ka mea ʻo ka hapanui i manaʻoʻiʻo ua ulu ke kanaka ma waho o ʻApelika ma muli o ka hoax transitional Possdown Man mai Pelekane. ʻAʻole maopopo i ka pili o ka pili ʻana o A. africanus i nā hominins ʻē aʻe, kahi i waiho ʻia ma ke ʻano he kūpuna na Homo a me Paranthropus , iā Paranthropus wale nō, a iā P. robustus paha . ʻO ka specimen "Little Foot" ʻo ia ka hominin mua loa i mālama ʻia, me 90% o ka iwi iwi paʻa, a me ka mea kahiko loa ʻApelika Hema australopith. Eia naʻe, ua manaʻo hoʻopiʻi ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a me nā ʻano like i " A. prometheus ".
Australopithecus anamensis: He ʻano hominin ʻo Australopithecus anamensis i noho ma waena o 4.2 a 3.8 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei a ʻo ia ka lāhui Australopithecus kahiko i ʻike ʻia, e noho nei i ka wā Plio-Pleistocene.
Australopithecus bahrelghazali: ʻO Australopithecus bahrelghazali kahi ʻano luku o australopithecine i ʻike ʻia ma 1995 ma Koro Toro, Bahr el Gazel, Chad, aia ma kahi o 3.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka Pliocene. ʻO ia ka australopithecine mua a hoʻokahi wale nō i ʻike ʻia mai ʻApelika Waena, a hōʻike i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kēia hui ma waena o ʻApelika a kūʻē i ka palena ʻia i ka Hikina a me ka hema o ʻApelika e like me ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia. ʻAʻole i ʻae ʻia ka pono o A. bahrelghazali , no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ʻo A. afarensis , kahi Pliocene australopithecine kaulana loa mai East Africa, no ka like o ka anatomical a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo A. bahrelghazali i ʻike wale ʻia mai ka 3 hapa. nā iwi ā a me kahi premolar kaʻawale. Ua noho nā hiʻohiʻona i kahi kai nāhelehele me ka uhi lāʻau sparse, e like paha me ka Okavango Delta o kēia manawa, a ua ʻai like me ka nui o ka C 4 mau meaʻai savanna — e like me nā mauʻu, nā sedges, nā mea mālama, a i ʻole nā ​​rhizome — a i kahi kekelē liʻiliʻi ʻo C 3 nahele hoʻi. nā meaʻai — e like me nā huaʻai, nā pua, nā poloka, a i nā ʻelala paha. Eia naʻe, ua lako ʻole nā ​​niho e hana i nā mea kanu C 4 , no laila ʻaʻole maopopo kāna papaʻai maoli.
ʻO Paranthropus boisei: ʻO Paranthropus boisei kahi ʻano australopithecine mai ka Early Pleistocene o East Africa ma kahi o 2.5 a 1.15 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka holotype specimen, OH 5 , i ʻike ʻia e ka palaeoanthropologist ʻo Mary Leakey ma 1959, a ua wehewehe ʻia e kāna kāne ʻo Louis i hoʻokahi mahina ma hope. Ua hoʻokau mua ʻia i loko o kāna ʻano ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he " Zinjanthropus boisei ", akā ua hoʻoili ʻia i Paranthropus me nā australopithecines ikaika ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia he hui hewa ʻole ʻo Paranthropus a like pū me Australopithecus , no laila ua ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano Australopithecus boisei .
ʻO Paranthropus boisei: ʻO Paranthropus boisei kahi ʻano australopithecine mai ka Early Pleistocene o East Africa ma kahi o 2.5 a 1.15 miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka holotype specimen, OH 5 , i ʻike ʻia e ka palaeoanthropologist ʻo Mary Leakey ma 1959, a ua wehewehe ʻia e kāna kāne ʻo Louis i hoʻokahi mahina ma hope. Ua hoʻokau mua ʻia i loko o kāna ʻano ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he " Zinjanthropus boisei ", akā ua hoʻoili ʻia i Paranthropus me nā australopithecines ikaika ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia he hui hewa ʻole ʻo Paranthropus a like pū me Australopithecus , no laila ua ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano Australopithecus boisei .
ʻO Australopithecus sediba: ʻO Australopithecus sediba kahi ʻano luku o australopithecine i loaʻa mai iā Malapa Cave, Cradle o Humankind, ʻApelika Hema. ʻIke ʻia ia mai ka iwi iwi ʻōpio, ka holotype MH1, a me ka iwi wahine makua, ka MH2 paratype. Aia lākou ma kahi o 1.98 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka Early Pleistocene, a noho pū me Paranthropus robustus a me Homo ergaster / H. erectus . Ua unuhi ʻia ʻo Malapa ma ke ʻano he pahele make maoli, ke kumu o kahi lāʻau kū lōʻihi lōʻihi e hāʻule ʻole ai nā mea ola i loko. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia ʻo A. sediba ma ke ʻano he kūpuna kanaka, a ʻo ka mua paha o Homo , akā ua hoʻokūkū ʻia kēia a hiki nō hoʻi ke hōʻike i kahi heluna ola a i ʻole nā ​​kaikuahine o A. africanus i noho mua ma ia wahi.
Australopithecus deyiremeda: ʻO Australopithecus deyiremeda kahi ʻano luku o australopithecine mai Woranso – Mille, Afar Region, ʻAitiopa, ma kahi o 3.5-3.3 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka wā o ka Pliocene. Ma muli o ka ʻike wale ʻia mai nā iwi ʻāpana ʻekolu, maopopo ʻole inā pili kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa a i ʻole i kahi mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo A. afarensis . Hoʻohanohano ʻia ʻo A. deyiremeda e nā iwi papalina i mua e alo ana a me nā niho pāpālina liʻiliʻi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hominins mua ʻē aʻe. Maopopo ʻole inā hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i kahi hiʻohiwi wāwae e hōʻike ana i kahi manamana nui dextrous iā A. deyiremeda . Ua noho ʻo A. deyiremeda i kahi wahi mosaic e hōʻike ana i nā mauʻu ākea a me nā loko a i ʻole nā ​​muliwai, a ʻo ka anthropologist ʻo Fred Spoor e ʻōlelo nei ua pili paha i ka Kenyan Lomekwi ʻoihana mea hana pōhaku i hāʻawi ʻia iā Kenyanthropus . Noho pū ʻo A. deyiremeda me A. afarensis , a ua hōʻike paha lākou i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka niche i mea e hoʻokūkū ʻole ai kekahi i kekahi no nā kumuwaiwai like, e like me ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā meaʻai fallback like ʻole i nā manawa uʻi.
ʻO Australopithecus garhi: He ʻano australopithecine ʻo Australopithecus garhi mai ka Formation o Bouri ma ka ʻĀina Afar o ʻAtiopia 2.6-2.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala (mya) i ka wā Early Pleistocene. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā mea i koe i ka makahiki 1999 ma muli o kekahi mau ʻiwi iwi i hakahaka ʻia i loko o nā makahiki ʻekolu i hala. Ua manaʻo mua ʻia ʻo A. garhi he kūpuna pololei iā Homo a me ka laina kanaka, akā i kēia manawa ua manaʻo ʻia he offhoot. E like me nā australopithecines ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i ka A. garhi ka nui o ka lolo o 450 cc (27 cu in); kahi ʻāpana i hūnā ʻia (prognathism); nā molara nui a me nā premolars; nā hoʻololi no ka hele wāwae ma nā wāwae ʻelua (bipedalism) a me ka hopu ʻana i ka piʻi ʻana (arboreality); a he hiki nō paha, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo inā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine. Hoʻokahi kanaka, kuhi ʻia ka wahine ma muli o ka nui, 140 cm paha ka lōʻihi.
ʻO Kenyanthropus: ʻO Kenyanthropus he 3.5 a 3.2-miliona mau makahiki (Pliocene) hominin fossil i ʻike ʻia ma Lake Turikana, Kenya ma 1999 e Justus Erus, ʻo ia kekahi o ka hui o Meave Leakey.
Australopithecus africanus: ʻO Australopithecus africanus kahi ʻano luku o australopithecine i noho mai 3.67 a i 2 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma ka Middle Pliocene a i ka Early Pleistocene o ʻApelika Hema. Ua hoʻāla hou ʻia kēia ʻano mai Taung a me ka Cradle of Humankind ma Sterkfontein, Makapansgat, a me Gladysvale. ʻO ka hōʻike mua, ke keiki Taung, i wehewehe ʻia e ka anatomist ʻo Raymond Dart i 1924, a ʻo ia ka hominin mua i loaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pili ʻae ʻia kona pili pili loa i nā kānaka ma mua o nā keko ʻē aʻe a hiki i ke kenekulia o ke kenekulia no ka mea ʻo ka hapanui i manaʻoʻiʻo ua ulu ke kanaka ma waho o ʻApelika ma muli o ka hoax transitional Possdown Man mai Pelekane. ʻAʻole maopopo i ka pili o ka pili ʻana o A. africanus i nā hominins ʻē aʻe, kahi i waiho ʻia ma ke ʻano he kūpuna na Homo a me Paranthropus , iā Paranthropus wale nō, a iā P. robustus paha . ʻO ka specimen "Little Foot" ʻo ia ka hominin mua loa i mālama ʻia, me 90% o ka iwi iwi paʻa, a me ka mea kahiko loa ʻApelika Hema australopith. Eia naʻe, ua manaʻo hoʻopiʻi ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a me nā ʻano like i " A. prometheus ".
ʻO Paranthropus: ʻO Paranthropus kahi ʻano o ka hominin pau ʻole i piha ʻelua mau ʻano i ʻae ʻia: P. robustus a me P. boisei . Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokūkū ʻia ka pono o Paranthropus , a manaʻo ʻia ia he ʻano like me Australopithecus . Ua kapa ʻia lākou ma nā australopithecines ikaika . Noho lākou ma waena o 2.6 a me 0.6 miliona mau makahiki i hala (mya) mai ka hopena o ka Pliocene a ka Middle Pleistocene.
ʻO Paranthropus robustus: ʻO Paranthropus robustus kahi ʻano o austalopithecine robust mai ka Early and Mungkin Middle Pleistocene o ka Cradle of Humankind, ʻApelika Hema, ma kahi o 2.27 a 0.87 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua ʻike ʻia ma Kromdraai, Swartkrans, Sterkfontein, Gondolin, Cooper's, a me Drimolen Caves. ʻIke ʻia ma 1938, aia ia i waena o nā hominins mua i wehewehe ʻia, a lilo i ʻano laha no ka genus Paranthropus . Eia naʻe, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia e kekahi he hui kūpono ʻole ʻo Paranthropus a hui pū ʻia me Australopithecus , no laila ua hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano Australopithecus robustus .
ʻO Australopithecus sediba: ʻO Australopithecus sediba kahi ʻano luku o australopithecine i loaʻa mai iā Malapa Cave, Cradle o Humankind, ʻApelika Hema. ʻIke ʻia ia mai ka iwi iwi ʻōpio, ka holotype MH1, a me ka iwi wahine makua, ka MH2 paratype. Aia lākou ma kahi o 1.98 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka Early Pleistocene, a noho pū me Paranthropus robustus a me Homo ergaster / H. erectus . Ua unuhi ʻia ʻo Malapa ma ke ʻano he pahele make maoli, ke kumu o kahi lāʻau kū lōʻihi lōʻihi e hāʻule ʻole ai nā mea ola i loko. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia ʻo A. sediba ma ke ʻano he kūpuna kanaka, a ʻo ka mua paha o Homo , akā ua hoʻokūkū ʻia kēia a hiki nō hoʻi ke hōʻike i kahi heluna ola a i ʻole nā ​​kaikuahine o A. africanus i noho mua ma ia wahi.
Australopithecus africanus: ʻO Australopithecus africanus kahi ʻano luku o australopithecine i noho mai 3.67 a i 2 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma ka Middle Pliocene a i ka Early Pleistocene o ʻApelika Hema. Ua hoʻāla hou ʻia kēia ʻano mai Taung a me ka Cradle of Humankind ma Sterkfontein, Makapansgat, a me Gladysvale. ʻO ka hōʻike mua, ke keiki Taung, i wehewehe ʻia e ka anatomist ʻo Raymond Dart i 1924, a ʻo ia ka hominin mua i loaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pili ʻae ʻia kona pili pili loa i nā kānaka ma mua o nā keko ʻē aʻe a hiki i ke kenekulia o ke kenekulia no ka mea ʻo ka hapanui i manaʻoʻiʻo ua ulu ke kanaka ma waho o ʻApelika ma muli o ka hoax transitional Possdown Man mai Pelekane. ʻAʻole maopopo i ka pili o ka pili ʻana o A. africanus i nā hominins ʻē aʻe, kahi i waiho ʻia ma ke ʻano he kūpuna na Homo a me Paranthropus , iā Paranthropus wale nō, a iā P. robustus paha . ʻO ka specimen "Little Foot" ʻo ia ka hominin mua loa i mālama ʻia, me 90% o ka iwi iwi paʻa, a me ka mea kahiko loa ʻApelika Hema australopith. Eia naʻe, ua manaʻo hoʻopiʻi ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a me nā ʻano like i " A. prometheus ".
Australopithecine: ʻO Australopithecina a i ʻole Hominina he subtribe i loko o ka ʻohana Hominini. ʻO Australopithecus nā lālā o ka subtribe, a ʻo ia ka Ardipithecus , Orrorin , Sahelanthropus , a me Graecopithecus ma mua . ʻO kēia mau ʻano mea pili āpau i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia australopiths a i ʻole nā homininians . ʻO lākou ka mea make, nā pili pili o nā kānaka, a me ka genus Homo e noho nei , ʻo ia ka clade kanaka. ʻO nā lālā o ke kākā kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Hominini ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā chimpanzees, i kapa ʻia ʻo Hominina.
Australopithecus: ʻO Australopithecus kahi genus o nā hominins mua i noho ma ʻApelika i ka wā o Late Pliocene a me Early Pleistocene. ʻO ka genera Homo , Paranthropus , a me Kenyanthropus i ulu mai Australopithecus . Australopithecus He He lâlâ 'o ka subtribe Australopithecina, a i nā Ardipithecus, nae ka manawa "australopithecine" ua kekahi manawa, hoʻohana' ia e hoʻohuli i wale no lala o Australopithecus. Loaʻa nā ʻano me A. garhi , A. africanus , A. sediba , A. afarensis, A. anamensis, A. bahrelghazali a me A. deyiremeda . Aia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa inā pono e hōʻano hou ʻia kekahi ʻano Australopithecus i genera hou, a i ʻole inā Paranthropus a me Kenyanthropus e like me Australopithecus , ma kekahi ʻāpana no ka inconomistic taxonomic.
Australopithecus africanus: ʻO Australopithecus africanus kahi ʻano luku o australopithecine i noho mai 3.67 a i 2 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma ka Middle Pliocene a i ka Early Pleistocene o ʻApelika Hema. Ua hoʻāla hou ʻia kēia ʻano mai Taung a me ka Cradle of Humankind ma Sterkfontein, Makapansgat, a me Gladysvale. ʻO ka hōʻike mua, ke keiki Taung, i wehewehe ʻia e ka anatomist ʻo Raymond Dart i 1924, a ʻo ia ka hominin mua i loaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole pili ʻae ʻia kona pili pili loa i nā kānaka ma mua o nā keko ʻē aʻe a hiki i ke kenekulia o ke kenekulia no ka mea ʻo ka hapanui i manaʻoʻiʻo ua ulu ke kanaka ma waho o ʻApelika ma muli o ka hoax transitional Possdown Man mai Pelekane. ʻAʻole maopopo i ka pili o ka pili ʻana o A. africanus i nā hominins ʻē aʻe, kahi i waiho ʻia ma ke ʻano he kūpuna na Homo a me Paranthropus , iā Paranthropus wale nō, a iā P. robustus paha . ʻO ka specimen "Little Foot" ʻo ia ka hominin mua loa i mālama ʻia, me 90% o ka iwi iwi paʻa, a me ka mea kahiko loa ʻApelika Hema australopith. Eia naʻe, ua manaʻo hoʻopiʻi ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a me nā ʻano like i " A. prometheus ".
ʻO Kenyanthropus: ʻO Kenyanthropus he 3.5 a 3.2-miliona mau makahiki (Pliocene) hominin fossil i ʻike ʻia ma Lake Turikana, Kenya ma 1999 e Justus Erus, ʻo ia kekahi o ka hui o Meave Leakey.
Australopithecine: ʻO Australopithecina a i ʻole Hominina he subtribe i loko o ka ʻohana Hominini. ʻO Australopithecus nā lālā o ka subtribe, a ʻo ia ka Ardipithecus , Orrorin , Sahelanthropus , a me Graecopithecus ma mua . ʻO kēia mau ʻano mea pili āpau i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia australopiths a i ʻole nā homininians . ʻO lākou ka mea make, nā pili pili o nā kānaka, a me ka genus Homo e noho nei , ʻo ia ka clade kanaka. ʻO nā lālā o ke kākā kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Hominini ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā chimpanzees, i kapa ʻia ʻo Hominina.
Australoplana: ʻO Australoplana kekahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Australia flatworm kahi ʻano o nā planarians ʻāina mai Australia a me New Zealand.
Australoplana: ʻO Australoplana kekahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Australia flatworm kahi ʻano o nā planarians ʻāina mai Australia a me New Zealand.
Australoplana: ʻO Australoplana kekahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Australia flatworm kahi ʻano o nā planarians ʻāina mai Australia a me New Zealand.
Australoplana sanguinea: ʻO Australoplana sanguinea kahi ʻano o flatworm ʻōiwi i Australia. Ua hoʻolauna kūloko ʻia iā Nūhōlani. ʻIke ʻia ʻelua mau mea kōkua i kēia manawa, A. s. ʻo Alba lāua ʻo A. s. sanguinea Moseley, 1877.
Australoplana: ʻO Australoplana kekahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Australia flatworm kahi ʻano o nā planarians ʻāina mai Australia a me New Zealand.
Australopoda: He ʻauhau ʻo Australopoda ma waena o Anomura. Aia kēia hui monophyletic iā Lomisoidea, Aegloidea a me Chirostyloidea.
Australoporus: ʻO Australoporus kahi ʻano fungal i loko o ka ʻohana Polyporaceae. He ʻano monotypic ia, e piha ana nā ʻano hoʻokahi Australoporus tasmanicus , i loaʻa ma Tasmania. Ua kākau ʻia ka genus i ka makahiki 1988 e nā mycologists ʻo Peter Buchanan lāua ʻo Leif Ryvarden e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻano i kapa ʻia ʻo Polyporus tasmanicus .
Australoporus: ʻO Australoporus kahi ʻano fungal i loko o ka ʻohana Polyporaceae. He ʻano monotypic ia, e piha ana nā ʻano hoʻokahi Australoporus tasmanicus , i loaʻa ma Tasmania. Ua kākau ʻia ka genus i ka makahiki 1988 e nā mycologists ʻo Peter Buchanan lāua ʻo Leif Ryvarden e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻano i kapa ʻia ʻo Polyporus tasmanicus .
Australopristis: ʻO Australopristis kahi ʻano make o ka sawfish mai ke kau hope o Cretaceous. Loaʻa ʻia kona inoa mai ka Lākina no "southern" a ʻo ka Greek no "saw". ʻIke ʻia ia mai kahi ʻano hoʻokahi, ʻo A. wiffeni i kapa ʻia no ka mea huli holoholona kaulana loa ʻo Joan Wiffen. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano wale nō mai nā niho rostral i loaʻa ma Mangahouanga stream a me East Wing, Haumuri bluff, New Zealand. Loaʻa iā ia nā niho rostral i kahi aʻa mālie e kū hoʻokahi ia i waena o Sclerorhynchids. ʻIke ʻia nā niho Rostral i nā ʻano like ʻole i ka morphology e like me ke kūlana a me ke kahua. ʻAʻole like me ka Onchopristis pili a me ka Atlanticopristis , noho ia i ke kai ma kahi o ka nohona fluvial a makemake paha i nā wai anuanu.